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Take a deep dive into the experimental observations and hypotheses of Solid-State Fusion

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Experiment Type
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Sample
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Authors
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Experiment Type
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Sample
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Experimental Signatures of a New Channel of the Deuteron-Deuteron Reaction at Very Low Energy

Author(s): R. Dubey, K. Czerski , Gokul Das H., A. Kowalska, N. Targosz-Sleczka, M. Kaczmarski, M. Valat
Publication: Phys. Rev. X
Year: 2025
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: Ion Beam Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Energetic Charged Particle Emissionm, Gamma Radiation
Stimulation: Ion-Beam
Material: Zirconium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D Ion
Summary: Dubey et al. report on experimental evidence for a new reaction pathway in the deuterium-deuterium (DD) fusion reaction in a 2025 article in Physical Review X. The ultra-high vacuum experiments involved D+ and D2+ ion bombardment of zirconium targets at between 5-20 kV and 40-60 μA. The claimed new reaction channel results in electron-positron emission via internal pair conversion from a previously proposed new He-4 resonance state. The authors present charged particle spectra using a 1-3 mm thick Si surface barrier detector and thin aluminum foils to shield scattered deuterons and conventional dd fusion products. The suggested electron signal is relatively unchanged by the foils, and the peak position is directly proportional to the detector thickness, consistent with high-energy electron emission. The authors also show evidence for positron emission by an increase in the 511 keV electron-positron annihilation peak measured by a large volume NaI(Tl) scintillator and a high-purity germanium detector. The authors use Geant4 simulations to interpret the spectroscopic measurements as a new internal pair creation branch of the dd fusion reaction.

Search for energetic charged particle reaction productsduring deuterium charging of metal lattices

Author(s): G. P. Chambers, G. K. Hubler, K. S. Grabowski
Publication: AIP Conference Proceedings
Year: 1991
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Energetic Charged Particle Emission
Stimulation: Ion-Beam
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D ion
Summary: Chambers, Hubler, and Grabowski reported anomalous MeV-scale charged particle emission during low-energy deuterium ion bombardment of thin titanium films. Using 350–400 eV D⁺ beams at high current density, they observed bursts of 5 MeV peaks in silicon detectors. Control experiments with hydrogen or blank foils showed no such signals. Based on bias-dependent detector peak shifts and foil energy-loss experiments, the authors suggested tritons as the most likely particle identity. Reported reaction rates (~10⁻¹⁶ events per deuteron pair per second) exceeded conventional fusion cross sections at these energies by at least 26 orders of magnitude. Despite extensive checks, no experimental artifact was found to account for the signals. The anomalies were observed in four of nine runs, and the authors concluded the data indicated a previously unknown nuclear process in deuterium-loaded Ti lattices.

In-situ synchrotron energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction study of thin Pd foils with Pd:D and Pd:H concentrations up to 1:1

Author(s): D. L. Knies, V. Violante, K. S. Grabowski, J. Z. Hu, D. D. Dominguez, J. H. He, S. B. Qadri, G. K. Hubler
Publication: J. Appl. Phys.
Year: 2012
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type:
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables:
Stimulation: Electrolysis
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O, H2O
Summary: A collaboration between researchers at ENEA, Frascati, the US Naval Research Laboratory, and Brookhaven National Laboratory sought to study the structural properties of electrochemically loaded palladium deuteride (PdD) and palladium hydride (PdH) cathode foils at loading ratios approaching unity with in-situ energy-dispersive (i.e., fixed angle) X-ray diffraction (XRD) at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The XRD setup allowed for grazing incidence and bulk characterization with temperature-corrected resistance measured in parallel to track loading. Lattice parameter expansion with loading was observed by as much as 5%. Clear delineations were observed between α and β phases of PdD and PdH, and although in-situ XRD confirmed PdD and PdH loading to unity for the first time, no new phases were observed.

Review of materials science for studying the Fleischmann and Pons effect

Author(s): V. Violante, E. Castagna, S. Lecci, F. Sarto, M. Sansovini, A. Torre, A. La Gatta, R. Duncan, G. Hubler, A. El Boher, O. Aziz, D. Pease, D. Knies, M. McKubre
Publication: Current Science
Year: 2015
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Electrolysis
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary: "A collaborative study conducted at the ENEA Research Center in Frascati, Italy, and SRI International investigated the material properties of palladium (Pd) cathodes associated with the observation of excess heat during heavy water electrolysis. Mass flow calorimetry experiments showed excess heat for cathodes in heavy water, contrasted with null results in light water electrolysis under similar conditions. Deuterium (D) loading ratios exceeding 0.8 D/Pd, as determined by four-wire resistivity and in-situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (data shown in reference 12), were achieved. In addition, cathodes from palladium lots that produced excess heat at ENEA also exhibited similar results at SRI, suggesting specific material properties tied to these effects. Detailed material analyses using SEM and AFM identified key characteristics of cathodes yielding excess heat: grain sizes below 100 μm, predominant [100] crystallographic orientation, and distinctive rough surface morphologies. Fourier-transformed surface roughness data revealed characteristic spatial frequency peaks in the power spectral density function (PSDF) for cathodes that produced excess heat effects. Comparisons with samples that did not show excess or did so at a reduced magnitude and with low repeatability showed differences in deuterium loading efficiency, grain structure, and PSDF features. To test these correlations, palladium cathodes were fabricated with controlled treatments, including platinum doping, annealing, and etching. These treatments reproduced some material characteristics of active cathodes and reportedly yielded modest but consistent excess heat signals. "

Anomalous heat generation that cannot be explained by known chemical reactions produced by nano-structured multilayer metal composites and hydrogen gas

Author(s): Yasuhiro Iwamura, Takehiko Itoh, Shinobu Yamauchi, Tomonori Takahashi
Publication: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
Year: 2024
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy), Morphological Features of Interest
Stimulation: Gas Loaded
Material: Nickel, Copper, Calcium oxide, Nanomaterial
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2
Summary: "Iwamura and colleagues report on anomalous heat generation from layered nickel and copper thin film nanocomposite samples loaded with hydrogen gas. Two samples were positioned in a vacuum chamber and stimulated by a ceramic heater, where the power delivered to the heater was recorded and the local temperature was measured by a thermocouple. The surface temperature of each nanocomposite sample was monitored by a separate InGaAs dual-wavelength infrared thermal radiation detector. The authors assume a nominally equivalent emissivity of the nickel substrate and the multilayer nanocomposite, indicating an empirical difference of 0.05. Iwamura et al. then present a thermal balance equation and plot the electrical input power to the heater as a function of the ceramic heater temperature, as measured by the thermocouple, for a nickel substrate without the nanocomposite structure as a control. Excess heat is presented as a function of the heating stimuli and is calibrated as the difference in delivered input power between the control sample and nanocomposite multilayer samples at the same recorded heating temperatures. No neutrons or gamma rays were observed by a thallium-doped sodium iodide scintillator or helium-3 neutron counter (it was not mentioned if the helium-3 counter was moderated). Samples were loaded with hydrogen gas at between 30 kPa to 250 Pa, depending on desired loading, for ~16 hours at ~250 C. Upon evacuation of the gas at elevated temperatures between ~500 C and ~1,000 C, anomalous heat generation, above the constant input heating power, was observed by the infrared radiation thermometry. Excess thermal power was higher for higher pressuring loading conditions varied for different nickel-to-copper ratios, numbers of thin film layers, and by incorporating calcium and yttrium oxides. Excess thermal power for each sample type was measured at different heating temperatures. The authors argue that the observed relationship is a non-monotonic, convex trend whereby the excess heat appears to peak at an optimal temperature depending on the material system with some sample types (e.g., six-layer CuNi7), not showing a peak in the probed temperature range. The argument is that if the observed excess heat were prosaic and originated from the ceramic heater, one would expect the spurious excess heat signal to go like temperature to the fourth power, as per the temperature dependence of thermal radiation. However, while the excess heat does not follow a fourth power relationship, there is not enough data to confidently fit a convex trend line to the overall dataset. Moreover, the data collected during what seem to be individual trials probing particular local temperature regimes show a linear trend that is noticeably different than the macro trend of data across temperature ranges. It is not clear why this would be the case. More data should be taken to precisely characterize the temperature dependence of the excess thermal power. Iwamura and colleagues also discuss a methodology for applying a square voltage reduction signal, reducing the heating power, and then returning thermal power to normal. In the case of a bare nickel substrate, the thermocouple temperature and infrared calorimetry slowly return to the pre-perturbation baseline reading, whereas, for the nanocomposite samples, temperature readings spike by roughly 15-20 watts and by a few percentage points above pre-perturbation data before slowly declining. Importantly, the temperature spikes are most prominent for the thermal infrared radiation detectors, as opposed to the thermocouple, indicating the source of the thermal anomaly was in the sample. A second voltage perturbation scheme with successive and equal-magnitude square pulses of voltage reductions and increases was also performed. All temperature probes show time series data of temperature spikes, followed by gradual decay until the next pulse spikes the temperature readings again, resulting in a gradual increase in the apparent baseline temperatures, suggesting a potential cumulative excess thermal energy of approximately 38 kJ. Lastly, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy show dark spots in the backscattered images, associated with significant oxygen concentrations between 20% and 40%. In contrast, for locations away from these morphological features and untreated samples, oxygen concentrations are less than 1%. To rule out surface oxidation as a prosaic explanation, the authors analyzed oxidized samples at 700 C, confirmed by an emissivity increase from 0.1 and 0.2 to over 0.5, which yielded oxygen concentrations below 5%. Preliminary data was presented to suggest possible unnatural oxygen isotopic ratios but more experimentation and documentation are required to confidently quantify this observation. "

Indications of electron emission from the deuteron-deuteron threshold resonance

Author(s): K. Czerski, R. Dubey, M. Kaczmarski, A. Kowalska, N. Targosz-Sleczka, G. Das Haridas, M. Valat
Publication: Physical Review C
Year: 2024
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: Low-Energy Regime Solid State Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Internal Pair Production
Stimulation: Ion-Beam
Material: Zirconium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D ion
Summary: Czerksi and co-authors present experimental data for electron-positron emission via internal pair creation from the previously predicted novel positive parity J=0 d+d resonance excited state of He4 near 24 MeV in low-energy deuteron-deuteron (DD) fusion reactions. The authors point out how surprising such a new state would be in the very well-studied four-nucleon He4 system. They motivate this concept by drawing an analogy between the first positive parity J=0 state of the 3+1 configuration at 20.21 MeV and a larger group of 3+1 states near 24 MeV with the cluster of d+d configuration near 28 MeV, giving rise to Czerki and coworkers' expectation of a positive parity J=0 d+d state similarly 4 MeV below the 28 MeV cluster near the DD fusion energy transition at 24 MeV. The experiments were preformed in an ultra igh vacuum chamber coupled to an ion beam. A 1 mm thick silicon-based charged aprticle detector with a high solid-angle recorded charged particle emission from a ZrD2 target bombarded by an incdient 6-16 KeV detuerion ion beam at 40 μA. An aluminum foil was used to avoid spurious counts from the deuteron beam and imrpove the electron signal to noise ratio by either partialy or fully attenuating conventional proton, triton, and He3 emission from charge-symetric DD fusion reaction pathways. Monte carlo simulations with GEANT4 code matched calibration and expeirmental spectra. Lastly, the empirical electron-proton branching ratios from 6-20 KeV deuteron energies are fit with theoretical models and match fairly well with the data.

Water can trigger nuclear reaction to produce energy and isotope gases

Author(s): Bin‑Juine Huang, Yu‑Hsiang Pan, Po‑Hsien Wu, Jong‑Fu Yeh, Ming‑Li Tso, Ying‑Hung Liu, Litu Wu, Ching‑Kang Huang, I‑Fee Chen, Che‑Hao Lin, T. R. Tseng, Fang‑Wei Kang, Tan‑Feng Tsai, Kuan‑Che Lan,Yi‑Tung Chen, Mou‑Yung Liao, Li Xu, Sih‑Li Chen, Robert William Greenyer
Publication: Scientific Reports — Nature
Year: 2024
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: Cavitation Fusion
Reactor Set-Up:
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy), Unatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements)
Stimulation: Boiler
Material:
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2O
Summary: "Huang et al. report on the observation of excess heat and isotopic anomalies in water cavitation experiments using double and triple copper pipe heat exchange tubes with boiling water from a 3-10 kW boiler. A maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.26 and 2.55 for the triple- and double-pipe heat exchangers were documented, respectively. For the triple-pipe system, an inverse relationship between inlet temperature and COP was observed across all runs showing positive results. For experiments with high COP, the pipes were found to have been warped and ruptured indicating a very high pressure of hundreds of bar, whereas, the pulsed injection water pressure is in the tens of bar. Fourteen gas samples from eight reactors, ten of which showed excess heat above a margin of error (5%), were subjected to quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS). The authors show a correlation between the presence, and purported production, of CO2 gas with excess heat and an absence of the CO2 signal in samples where excess heat was not observed or in a control steam sample directly from the boiler. Intensity peaks for CO2 (m/z = 44) and for argon (m/z = 40) were collected from all 14 gas samples and from background ambient air for each measurement. Metrics were calculated where all CO2 gas sample and ambient air sample MS intensities were normalized to the respective argon MS intensity values (I44). Then, the ratio of CO2 to argon MS intensity for gas samples was divided by the same ratio for ambient air samples producing a standard ratio (K44) that can be interpreted as an indicator of whether there is no more CO2 in the gas samples than in ambient air (K44 = ~1) or if there is excess CO2 compared to ambient air (K44 >> 1). The authors note that for all samples from reactors runs with a COP < 1.05 K44 is below 1.5 and for samples from runs showing excess heat, K44 ranges from 1.63 to 71, with five out of the ten above a K44 of 5. To confirm these results, Huang et al. passed gas samples through a CO2 absorber and measured the corresponding m/z=44 MS intensity. Six samples showing excess heat showed a reduction in intensity of 36% to 80%, a pure CO2 reference showed a 92% reduction, and atmospheric air and a blank sample showed no change. The authors also report on the evolution of Ne-22 gas. No Ne-21 was observed from the mass spectrum and excess Ne-20 signal (m/z = 20) was not identified via the previously described K metric using an argon gas reference standard. Evidence for Ne-22 is shown by analyzing the K22 metric for the m/z = 22 signal, which also corresponds to a potentially false signal from an ionized CO2++ species. As before, the Ne-22 (m/z = 22) signal was normalized to the argon (m/z = 40) signal for gas and air samples. The K22 value was well correlated to COP. When gas samples were filtered by CO2 absorbers to remove the CO2++ contribution to the m/z = 2 signal, the ratio of filtered to non-filtered MS measurements of the m/z = 22 signal normalized to the m/z = 44 (CO2) intensity were, for the most part, over unity and roughly correlated to COP. While a pure CO2 sample was evaluated yielding just under unity, which buttresses the analysis, no control gas samples that did not yield excess heat were subjected to this analysis. The paper concludes by providing conjecture on a nuclear physics explanation for the observation of CO2 and Ne-22 evolution from reactors with measured excess heat."

Search for Low-energy X-ray and Particle Emissions from an Electrochemical Cell

Author(s): Dennis Pease, Orchideh Azizi, Jinghao He, Arik El-Boher, Graham K. Hubler, Sango Bok, Cherian Mathai, Shubhra Gangopadhyay, Stefano Lecci, Vittorio Violante
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2016
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: X-Rays, Energetic Charged Particle Emission
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Co-deposition
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary: A joint collaboration between researchers at the University of Missouri and at ENEA Research Center in Frascati, Italy, pursued electrochemical experiments in search of potential X-ray or high energy charged particle emissions from excess heat effect, which were predicted by several theorists in the field. Three different palladium and platinum co-deposition methods were pursued in the custom electrochemical cell, which utilized silicon nitride membranes as a substrate because such cathodes were measured to be relatively transparent to keV-level X-rays. The X-ray spectrometer was calibrated with an americium-241 microcurie source and was sensitive to 1-30 keV X-rays, including Kα,β and Lα,β palladium, platinum, and silicon cathode X-ray fluorescence from interactions with potential high energy charged particle emissions. Such diagnostics are potentially much more sensitive than traditional calorimetric diagnostics. Despite numerous experimental runs at both the University of Missouri and ENEA, no anomalous X-ray spectra were observed. ENEA observed a small number of palladium Kα,β X-ray fluorescence counts, which were the result of 100 keV gamma emissions from a radioactive bismuth contaminant in the lead shielding. The conclusion drawn was that either no excess heat effects were occurring in the samples or that if there were low-level, unobservable excess heat effects, no X-ray or high energy-charged particle emissions occurred, which would require amendments to the proposed theoretical models in the literature.

Observation of Neutron Emission During Acoustic Cavitation of Deuterated Titanium Powder

Author(s): M. Fomitchev-Zamilov
Publication: Nature Scientific Reports
Year: 2024
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Other
Observables: Neutron Bursts
Stimulation: Acoustic Shockwaves
Material: Acoustic Shockwaves
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: Titanium
Summary: Dr. Fomitchev-Zamilov of Maximus Energy published a paper on neutron bursts from titanium deuteride powders in a suspension of oil and heavy water under acoustic stimulation. Titanium powder was electrochemically deuterated. A piezoelectric ultrasonic driver was used to stimulate acoustic waves and a bank of helium-3 detectors was used to detect neutrons. Initial experiments failed to observe any anomalous neutron emission from collapsing deuterium bubbles or heavy water droplets despite numerous trials across a wide parameter space. However, large secondary acoustic signals were observed when the frequency and amplitude of the driving acoustic wave was in resonance with droplet size, which was hypothesized to be the result of constructive interference. When deuterated titanium was mixed with deuterium droplets and stimulated by 20 kHz acoustic waves large and reproducible neutron signals were clearly observed as much as 10,000 times above background. Because the neutron signal matched that of the acoustic driver in the time domain, the neutron detectors were grounded with a copper sheet to rule out capacitive coupling between the driver and detectors. Still, the neutron signal persisted and the pulse shape matched the thermal neutron spectrum taken from a polonium-beryllium neutron source. Elevated neutron counts one to two orders of magnitude above background were concomitant with reactor operation, absent upon the ceasing of the acoustic driver, and re-emergent when the reactor was again turned on.

Screening and resonance enhancements of the 2H(d, p)3H reaction yield in metallic environments

Author(s): K. Czerski, D. Weissbach, A.I. Kilic, G. Ruprecht, A. Huke, M. Kaczmarski, N. Targosz-Sleczka, K. Maass
Publication: European Physical Letters
Year: 2016
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: Low-Energy Regime Solid State Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Conventional Fusion Products
Stimulation: Ion-Beam
Material: Zirconium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D ion
Summary: Czerski et al. propose a new positive parity J=0 resonance state of helium four (He-4) near 24 MeV to explain enhanced deuteron-deuteron (DD) fusion reaction rates at low energies above expectations from electron screening effects. DD fusion experiments in an ultra-high-vacuum chamber were reported in a detuerated zirconium metal target via deuteron and di-deuteron ion beam bombardment from an electron cyclotron resonance ion source. Three silicon detectors measured charged particle emission energy spectra, in-situ surface contamination was monitored by Auger electron spectroscopy, and uncertainty in deuterium loading of the Zr target was reduced by taking into account surface effects. Whereas prior work attributed enhanced reaction rates at lower energies only to coherent many-body screening effects, Czerski and colleagues highlight that such models overestimate rates above ~10 KeV and underestimate rates in the lower energy regime and instead achieve a better fit to the data with a combined resonance and screening model that also predicts screening energy in better alignment with theoretical expectations. Since this study is in the low energy regime, interactions with other resonances are assumed to be constant. It is suggested that destructive interference with neighboring 3+1 states may explain the energy dependence of the enhancement factor in the low-energy regime and its negligible influence in more common higher-energy experiments and absence in the empirical literature involving the rigorously studied He-4 system. Nevertheless, some data points with notable enhancement factors are difficult to explain even with the hypothesized resonance. For this reason, and keeping in mind the influence of surface contamination, the screening enhancement factor was tracked over time at fixed energies while monitoring surface contamination layer thickness and showed an initial peak followed by a return to unity. The thought is that contamination-induced lattice defects increase electron localization and thus the electron effective mass, which enhances the screening effect.

Deuteron-deuteron nuclear reactions at extremely low energies

Author(s): K. Czerski
Publication: Physical Review C
Year: 2022
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: Low-Energy Regime Solid State Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Conventional Fusion Products
Stimulation: Ion-Beam
Material: Zirconium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D ion
Summary: Czerski reviews the two central theoretical causes for skepticism of cold fusion data: purportedly high cross-sections at energies incapable of penetrating the coulomb barrier at significant rates and anomalous branching ratios of the DD fusion reaction. Then, reviewing the contribution of screening effects on the coulomb barrier in metal deuteride targets, a review of the available screening data suggests that experimental screening values are more than conventional theoretical expectations and that these data vary widely. These variations were shown in prior work to be the result of surface contamination effects. Additionally, since there is an apparent energy dependence in the measured cross-sections at low energies, Czerksi reviews his proposal of a novel positive parity J=0 He4 excited state of a d+d configuration near 24 MeV. Data from previous experiments on a deuterated zirconium target are compared to gaseous fusion experiments from the literature in a similarly low energy regime, and in both cases, fits to the experimental data are better with a model that includes both electron screening and the predicted narrow resonance. Since a gamma emission transition from the proposed resonance state to the ground state is forbidden, and since electron conversion is not prominent for light nuclei, Czerksi estimates the E0 transition decay width for the internal pair creation decay pathway. A core finding is that since the pair creation partial resonance width is estimated to be two orders of magnitude larger than the proton-emitting 3+1 channel, the observation in cold fusion experiments of He4 production, as opposed to charge symmetric 3+1 decay, is perhaps clarified. The second major conclusion is that with sufficient screening and the predicted resonance state, fusion rates could increase to potentially observable and even commercial use cases.

Anomalous Effects in Deuterated Systems

Author(s): M.H. Miles
Publication: Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division
Year: 1996
More Information
Publication Type: Government Report
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy), He4 Gas, X-Rays, Tritium
Stimulation: Current (constant)
Material: Palladium, Palladium alloy
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary: "Miles and colleagues synthesize work performed at the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division in China Lake, California on anomalous heat and helium-4 production in heavy water electrochemical experiments using alloyed palladium cathodes and a lithiated electrolyte. The China Lake team used open isoperibolic calorimetric system to measure excess heat. Multiple heavy water electrolysis experiments measured excess heat with reasonable repeatability for particular batches of palladium stock with no anomalous effects under control light water electrolysis. However, reproducibility in excess heat from cathode to cathode was a challenge and certain materials, especially palladium rods from Johnson-Matthey and palladium-boron alloyed cathodes from the Naval Research Laboratory, showed superior results lending credence the importance of metallurgy. Excess heat events occurred after many days of continuous electrolysis. It was postulated that repeated cathode loading and de-loading is important due to the observation that some cathodes only showed excess enthalpy after prior failed trials and because of a pre-experiment protocol of cathode and anode polarity reversals driven at high current densities. Correlation of excess enthalpy to helium-4 evolution, an expected nuclear product of deuteron-deuteron (DD) fusion, in heavy water electrolysis was carried out using gaseous mass spectrometry analysis at multiple laboratories. Initial helium-4 measurements by Miles et al. were critiqued by Jones and Hansen because the reported detection limit of 0.1 parts per billion (ppb) was below that of the expected helium diffusion through the pyrex bottles containing the gas. Control experiments in light water and failed excess heat experiments, performed after successful trials, yielded null results for helium detection. However, if the initially reported detection limit was correct, all control experiments should have been found to contain helium from atmospheric diffusion. Furthermore, flasks filled with protium gas, a mixture of deuterium and oxygen gas, and nitrogen gas showed helium diffusion rates largely in agreement with theoretical expectation, showcasing that the initially reported detection limits were too small. Four pyrex flasks filled with nitrogen were stored for nine days and one was reported to be positive for helium, resulting in a minimum detection limit based on the experimental diffusion rate of 3 ppb. For five control experiments with gas stored in metal flasks, preventing significant helium diffusion, the background helium concentration was ~4 ppb. In later excess heat experiments, helium-4 measurements at the Rockwell International Corporation produced background subtracted helium-4 measurements, corrected for atmospheric diffusion during shipping, of 2-5x10^11 helium-4 atoms per joule of excess heat, nominally in agreement with the theoretical value 2.6x10^11 for DD fusion producing helium and 23.8 MeV of energy. A batch of excess heat producing cathodes using metal flasks for helium-4 measurements reported 25% to 200% above background concentration. The largest excess heat experiment took place a in palladium-boron alloy and another significant excess event, which produced an estimated 1.1 MJ, was observed in a palladium-cerium alloy, however, the latter was the only excess heat experiment that showed no signature of helium production. Anomalous X-radiation was observed in some experiments using X-ray film, Geiger Mueller counters, and NaI scintillator crystal detectors and was never witnessed when experiments were not active."

Detection of Radiation Emitted from LENR

Author(s): E. Storms, B. Scanlan
Publication: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science
Year: 2008
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Energetic Charged Particle Emission, X-Rays
Stimulation: Glow-Discharge
Material: Palladium, Palladium alloy, Titanium, Aluminum, Copper, Platinum, Bronze, Brass, Stainless Steel
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Storms and Scanlan report on the emission of energetic charged particles and X-rays from a variety of metal cathodes in a glow discharge in deuterium and hydrogen gasses and combinations with other gases. The emissions were measured using silicon barrier detectors and a Geiger Mueller counter with various insertable absorber layers all located within the vacuum chamber to maximize detection efficiency. Only radiation signals that were completely blocked by a thick copper absorber layer were deemed to be legitimate radiation data. The low-energy discharge was operated at between 500 and 900 volts and 0.05 to 0.3 amps and cathodes were surrounded by an insulator to spatially concentrate the discharge without blocking the line of sight of the detectors. Discharge of a copper cathode produced peaks in high energy charged particle counts, which shifted to lower energies at lower voltages until eventually the peaks were lost in the noise. And importantly, peaks also shifted to lower energies and reduced in intensity upon the introduction of absorber layers of 2 or 3 μm thick mylar or 1.2 μm thick aluminum, and peaks were completely absent with a 1.3 mm copper absorber layer. Adding mixtures of hydrogen gas generated a more complex spectrum with higher intensity and higher energy peaks, and similar reductions were observed with absorber layers. X-radiation, as measured by a Geiger Mueller counter, showed a strong, non-linear increase in intensity at higher voltages and a corresponding decrease in intensity when various absorber layers were used. The observed radiation was not deflected by a magnetic field giving confidence that the radiation were photons and not charged beta radiation. X-ray radiation was reported consistently while high-energy charged particle emission was lower in flux and often indistinguishable from the discharge electrical noise. In some non-discharge trials of gas-exposed, mixed oxide fine powders, potassium beta emission was found to be prosaic explanation for X-rays but since X-ray energy was found to change at different voltages in the glow discharge experiments, potassium radiation could not be the source. Although the kind of charged particles recorded is ambiguous, due to the observed energy loss using different absorber layers, alpha emission is likely ruled out. Proton emission is also unlikely, whereas the energy loss data are most consistent with a deuteron or triton. However, the latter would be thought to be paired with proton emission in a fusion reaction, leaving deuteron emission as the most likely candidate.

Charged Particle Emission during Electron Beam Excitation of Deuterium Subsystem in Pd and Ti- Deuteride Targets

Author(s): A. Lipson
Publication: International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science-14
Year: 2008
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Energetic Charged Particle Emission
Stimulation:
Material: Palladium, Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: "Lipson et al. show evidence for charged particle emission from low-energy nuclear reactions in deuterated heterostructures of palladium and palladium oxide and in titanium deuteride targets undergoing desorption in a vacuum and stimulated by an electron beam. Conventional DD fusion emission of 3 MeV protons as well as high energy alpha particle emission are measured using CR-39 plastic track detectors. Electrochemical deuteron loading of the 50 μm thick palladium heterostructure and 300 μm thick titanium foil, the oxide layer of which was dissolved, was followed by loading into a scanning electron microscope vacuum chamber and irradiation by the electron beam (30 KeV). The track density from the front of the CR-39 detector is reported as the foreground data, whereas, the track densities on the backside, facing away from the sample, are taken as the background data. Control trials were taken for samples without electron beam treatment using both metal foil-covered and uncovered CR-39 detectors. Experiments with palladium heterostructures and current densities of 0.3 μA/cm2 showed track densities clearly above background data and control trials. Two CR-39 detectors facing the bombarded side of the sample were covered with 11 μm aluminum and 25 μm of copper foils, respectively, and a third detector facing the backside of the sample, opposite the electron beam, was covered by a 33 μm aluminum foil. All three detectors showed evidence for 3 MeV protons and 15 MeV alphas, and the detector with 25 μm of copper foil also showed a peak identified as 11 MeV alphas. At higher current densities (0.6 μA/cm2) and taken at three different sample positions over ~20 runs, all three detectors again showed evidence of above-background 3 MeV protons and 11-20 MeV alphas, when energy losses in the metal foils were taken into account. Track diameter as a function of sequential etching time produced data consistent with calibration measurements for 3 MeV protons with corresponding foils. Calibration of the 11-20 MeV alphas was less clear beyond 20 μm of etching depth. Similar data was presented for the deuterated titanium targets, but the detector facing the side opposite electron beam irradiation showed no counts above the background. This finding further buttresses the hypothesis that nuclear particle emission occurs from electron beam stimulation and deuterium desorption because, unlike palladium, titanium deuteride does not desorb deuterium below 400˚C so desorption would only be caused by the electron beam, hence particle detection being isolated to the bombarded surface of the titanium deuteride."

DD Reaction Enhancement and X-ray Generationin a High-Current Pulsed Glow Discharge in Deuteriumwith Titanium Cathode at 0.8–2.45 kV

Author(s): A. Lipson
Publication: Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics: statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics
Year: 2005
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Energetic Charged Particle Emission, X-Rays
Stimulation: Glow-Discharge
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Lipson et al. report on DD fusion reaction rates at low energies and high current densities in a low-pressure pulsed glow discharge experiment with titanium foil cathodes. Fusion rates at 1 KeV, as meassured by conventional 3-MeV proton products, were found to be nine orders of magnitude above expectations from conventional datasets extrapolated to low energies and corresponding to a 610 ± 150 eV electron screening energy of the deuteron-deuteron coulomb repulsion. Experiments were carried out with deuteron energies ranging from 0.8 to 2.5 KeV and current densities spanning 300 to 600 mA per square centimeter. CR-39 plastic track detectors were used to measure charged particle emission in place of silicon detectors to avoid false positive signals from discharge electromagnetic radiation. The CR-39 tracks were calibrated with alpha particle sources and a Van de Graff proton beam, and a hydrogen environment was taken as background. X-ray emission from the titanium targets were recorded with seven thermoluminescent detectors with beryllium filters of varying thickness. In experiments with a CR-39 detector with an 11 μm aluminum cover foil to prevent interaction with the discharge and a polyethylene absorbing layer of varying thicknesses, track densities were recorded significantly above background, concentrated at particular diameters that change as a function of absorbing layer thickness, all consistent with 3-MeV protons depositing energy into the polyethylene. The proton track yield was also inversely proportional with titanium target temperature and discharge voltage. The experimental data when converted to proton yield as a function of deuteron energy are clearly above expectations from extrapolated deuteron fusion yields using the Bosh-Halle approximation and experimental data at low energies from accelerator experiments, which do not reach comparatively high current densities. Furthermore, the pulsed discharge was characterized by X-ray emission in the range of 1.1 to 1.4 keV at rates of 10^13 per second (adjusting for 4π geometry) that were both seemingly emanating from the surface and were time correlated to current pulses using a plastic scintillator detector. The X-ray emissions were nonlinearly related to the discharge power and total dose was proportional to deuterium pressure. The most significant potential source of error is uncertainty in glow discharge conditions (e.g., titanium deuteride surface temperature and voltage and current spiking) but the calculated fusion rates and corresponding quantified uncertainties are always above expectations from conventional nuclear theory and the difference grows at lower deuteron energies.

Evidence for MeV Particle Emission From Ti Charged with Low Energy Deuterium Ions

Author(s): G. P. Chambers
Publication: Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report
Year: 1991
More Information
Publication Type: Government Report
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Energetic Charged Particle Emission
Stimulation: Ion-Beam
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Chambers and colleagues followed up on prior experiments with palladium thin films, by bombarding titanium thin films on nickel foils with a low-energy (350 eV) deuteron ion beam in a vacuum at high current densities (0.2-0.4 mA/cm2). High energy particle emissions of ~5 MeV hydrogen isotopes, thought to be tritons, were recorded at a rate of 10^16 emissions per deuteron pair, roughly 26 orders of magnitude above conventional fusion rates at such low energies. A silicon charged particle detector was calibrated with an Am241 source and had a 10±2% geometric detection efficiency. Titanium foils were implanted by a deuteron ion beam, which has a better loading efficiency than electrochemical loading, with a flux of ~5x10^15 deuterons/cm^2/second. Background counts were recorded as 25.3±0.26 counts/hr for <1 MeV, 1.13±0.05 counts/hr for 1-3 MeV, and 0.29±0.03 counts/hr for >3 MeV, and noise from high-voltage arcing and reflected ions were well characterized and differentiated from sharp charged particle detection events. In total, four experiments showed anomalous results including 1,171 counts at ~5 MeV in several bursts during a 2-3 minute period, or more than 80,000 times above background. A second positive result showed a sustained emission of 8,035 counts for just over five minutes. When the bias was set to 200 V, the peak was at 5.08 MeV in the spectrum but dropped to 3.5 MeV when the bias was zeroed, providing strong evidence that the signal originated from an incident charged particle with a penetration depth larger than the silicon detector depletion region, resulting in a reduction in deposited energy at a lower detector bias. In addition, during a three to five-minute charged particle burst where a nickel foil partially blocked the path from a 1 μm thick titanium foil sample to the silicon detector, two peaks occurred simultaneously at 5.7 MeV and 2.5 MeV, consistent with the expected energy deposition in the nickel foil for particles in the lower energy peak. Control experiments using light hydrogen ion beams produced no anomalous counts and multiple control experiments ruled out electromagnetic interference from accelerator equipment.

Charged Particle Spectra of Palladium Thin Films During Low Energy Deuterium Ion Implantation

Author(s): G. P. Chambers, J. E. Eridon, K. S. Grabowski, B. D. Sartwell, D. B. Chrisey
Publication: Journal of Fusion Energy
Year: 1990
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Energetic Particle Emission
Stimulation: Ion-Beam, Cryogenic Temperatures
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D ion
Summary: Chambers et al. performed an experiment to interrogate claims of cold fusion that purportedly did not display conventional Fusion products. It was postulated that instead, high energy charged particle emission may result from the novel nuclear process, which would not be detected due to the palladium cathode and surrounding electrolyte stopping power. Hence, Chambers and coworkers sought to bombard palladium thin films with low-energy (1.5 KeV) deuteron ions at high current density (0.2-0.5 mA/cm2) in a vacuum with a silicon surface-barrier detector, calibrated with an Am241 source and with a 0.3% geometric detection efficiency, to detect massive energetic charged particles. To reach high deuteron loading, stainless steel capping layers prevented hydrogen escape, and cryogenic temperatures significantly stunted deuterium diffusion. In an initial experiment, three counts of high-energy charged particles were detected at 47 minutes and at the end of the 90-minute irradiation period. Then, samples were allowed to cool to 150 K followed by a second irradiation, which produced four high-energy charged particles over a 10-minute period 45 minutes into the trial and a fifth count in the following hour. In both trials, temperatures were found to be well above room temperature (>500 K) by the end of the experiment. In almost four hours of background data collection, in which the sample holder was pointed away from the ion beam for the first hour and the ion gun operated without ion acceleration for the remaining time, no high-energy (>10 MeV) charged particle counts were recorded. Despite detector degradation towards the end of the experiment, charged-particle counts were found to aggregate in the 21 MeV channel of the detector spectrum. These particle counts were predicted to be either an isotope of helium or the result of faulty electronic noise, cosmic rays, high-voltage discharge, or spurious heating effects on the detector.

Phonon dynamics

Author(s): Julian Schwinger
Publication: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
Year: 1990
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up:
Observables:
Stimulation:
Material:
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants:
Summary:

Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium

Author(s): Martin Fleischmann, Stanley Pons
Publication: Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry
Year: 1989
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Current (constant)
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary:

Increase of Reaction Products in Deuterium Permeation-induced Transmutation

Author(s): Y. Iwamura, T. Itoh, S. Tsuruga
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2014
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Transmuted Elements (particle capture), Unatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements), Gamma Radiation
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Laser Irradiation (CW), High Pressure
Material: Palladium, Calcium oxide
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Iwamure et al. report on an electrochemical instantiation of their previously reported transmutation experiments of dopants on the surface of multilayer palladium, oxide, and palladium material stacks upon a deuteron flux through the sample. The electrochemical method is thought to accelerate transmutations by increasing the available deuteron density, which is also observed at elevated deuterium gas pressures. Additional control experiments further increased confidence in prior results by performing both time-of-flight secondary ion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at the sample center and corner; since the former would be subject to more deuterium permeation and indeed, transmutations are prominent in the former and absent in the latter. Prosaic explanations for purported transmutations by electrolyte contamination were addressed by an absence of mass spectrometry peaks corresponding to observed transmutation products in the solution and because control samples, under nearly identical conditions but without dopant implantation, showed no transmutation signals. Yttrium oxide was a successful alternative to calcium oxide, but magnesium oxide was not, which was attributed to its higher work function. Despite previous gaseous-based experiments yielding no gamma rays, the electrochemical method occasionally produced 609 keV gammas in a low-current density regime and 511 keV gammas at higher current densities, the latter closely matching the electron-positron annihilation energy. Lastly, UV laser stimulation was found not to affect the results significantly.

Nuclear Products and Their Time Dependence Induced by Continuous Diffusion of Deuterium Through Multi-layer Palladium Containing Low Work Function Material

Author(s): Yasuhiro Iwamura, Takehiko Itoh, Mitsuru Sakano
Publication: International Conference on Cold Fusion 8
Year: 2000
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type:
Solid State Fusion Type:
Reactor Set-Up:
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Stimulation:
Material:
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants:
Summary:

Correlation of excess power and helium production during D2O and H2O electrolysis using palladium cathodes

Author(s): M.H. Miles, R.A. Hollins, B.F. Bush, J.J. Lagowski, R.E. Miles
Publication: Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Year: 1993
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy), He4 Gas, X-Rays
Stimulation: Electrolysis
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D20
Summary: To assess a potential nuclear origin for anomalous excess enthalpy bursts in palladium cathodes electrolyzed in heavy water, Miles and colleagues sought evidence for nuclear products commensurate with measured excess energy. Excess heat was measured with an open calorimetry system in a D2O palladium electrolysis experiment, and effluent gas was captured and analyzed. Mass spectrometry showed helium four (He-4) gas within one order of magnitude of commensurate amounts given the excess energy. No He-3 was detected, suggesting a suppression of canonical non-He-4 branching ratios. No gamma emission was detected, but X-ray dental film exposure suggested X-ray emission. Neither excess heat nor He-4 was measured when electrolyzing with light water. Great care was taken to avoid environmental helium contamination (e.g., oil bubbler, positive pressure within the cell, and flushing with nitrogen), and continuous flushing of deuterium and oxygen gases reduced the risk of excess enthalpy due to chemical recombination. Neutron and tritium detection were both inconclusive. A rigorous neutron detection system was not employed, and no activation of metal foils was detected, placing an upper limit on neutron emission. Elevated tritium was measured, but enrichment processes could not be ruled out. Follow-up experiments using new palladium electrodes produced no anomalous data, implying reproducibility challenges. No excess He-4 was detected in heavy-water electrolysis experiments that did not produce excess heat. Concerning risks of helium diffusion through pyrex gas containers, for both heavy and light water electrolysis, there was no correlation between detected helium and the time between gas collection and mass spectrometry analysis, further diminishing the likelihood of prosaic helium contamination.

An investigative study on neutron emissions from titanium-deuterium system under thermal shock

Author(s): Modeste Tchakoua Tchouaso
Publication: University of Missouri Library Systems
Year: 2017
More Information
Publication Type: Thesis
Research Type:
Solid State Fusion Type:
Reactor Set-Up:
Observables:
Stimulation:
Material:
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants:
Summary:

Stimulation of Optical Phonons in Deuterated Palladium

Author(s): P. L. Hagelstein, D. Letts
Publication: International Conference on Cold Fusion 14
Year: 2008
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type:
Solid State Fusion Type:
Reactor Set-Up:
Observables:
Stimulation:
Material:
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants:
Summary:

Analysis of some experimental data from the two-laser experiment

Author(s): P. L. Hagelstein, D. Letts
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2010
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Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type:
Solid State Fusion Type:
Reactor Set-Up:
Observables:
Stimulation:
Material:
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants:
Summary: Building off previous work showing the correlation of excess heat in a heavy water electrolysis experiment to the difference (beat) frequency between two lasers irradiating the cathode, Hagelstein and co-authors analyze the data, yielding new insights. In particular, the excess heat response is reported to reach a steady state faster for the 8.2 THz beat frequency than for the 15.1 THz or 20.8 THz beta frequencies. After altering laser irradiation characteristics, the electrolysis cell is left to equilibrate for three hours, ensuring non-transient measurements. Absorbed laser power was calculated and measured using calorimetry in off-resonance beat frequency regimes. The magnitude of absorbed laser power was one order of magnitude less than the excess power response for resonant beat frequencies.

Elemental Analysis of Pd Complexes: Effects of D2 Gas Permeation

Author(s): Yasuhiro Iwamura, Mitsuru Sakano, Takehiko Itoh
Publication: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
Year: 2002
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (particle capture), Unatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Gas Diffusion
Material: Palladium, Calcium oxide
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Iwamura and colleagues report on transmutations in palladium and oxide complexes. Upon permeation of deuterium gas through alternating layers of palladium and calcium oxide on a palladium bulk sample with a thin film palladium capping layer, anomalous elemental transmutations were observed. In particular, the surface layer was doped with cesium, which monotonically decreased in counts as measured via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy over the course of a 120-hour experimental run concomitant with an increase in previously undetected praseodymium. Similar transmutation of strontium to molybdenum was observed, the latter shown in three separate experimental runs to have unnatural isotopic ratios. The anomalous transmutations were notably absent when using hydrogen or deuterium gas without the calcium oxide layer. These results suggest a novel and as-of-yet unexplained simultaneous double alpha particle capture reaction, which would be subject to an extremely high coulomb repulsion.

Increase of Reaction Products in Deuterium Permeation-induced Transmutation

Author(s): Y. Iwamura, T. Itoh, S. Tsuruga
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2014
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Transmuted Elements (particle capture), Unatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements), Gamma Radiation
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Laser Irradiation (CW), High Pressure
Material: Palladium, Calcium Oxide
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Iwamure et al. report on an electrochemical instantiation of their previously reported transmutation experiments of dopants on the surface of multilayer palladium, oxide, and palladium material stacks upon a deuteron flux through the sample. The electrochemical method is thought to accelerate transmutations by increasing the available deuteron density, which is also observed at elevated deuterium gas pressures. Additional control experiments further increased confidence in prior results by performing both time-of-flight secondary ion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at the sample center and corner; since the former would be subject to more deuterium permeation and indeed, transmutations are prominent in the former and absent in the latter. Prosaic explanations for purported transmutations by electrolyte contamination were addressed by an absence of mass spectrometry peaks corresponding to observed transmutation products in the solution and because control samples, under nearly identical conditions but without dopant implantation, showed no transmutation signals. Yttrium oxide was a successful alternative to calcium oxide, but magnesium oxide was not, which was attributed to its higher work function. Despite previous gaseous-based experiments yielding no gamma rays, the electrochemical method occasionally produced 609 keV gammas in a low-current density regime and 511 keV gammas at higher current densities, the latter closely matching the electron-positron annihilation energy. Lastly, UV laser stimulation was found not to affect the results significantly.

Quantitative Observation of Transmutation Products Occuring in Thin-Film Coated Microspheres During Electrolysis

Author(s): G.H. Miley, G. Narne, M.J. Williams, J.A. Patterson, J. Nix, D. Cravens, H. Hora
Publication: International Conference on Cold Fusion 6
Year: 1996
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Unatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements), Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Transmuted Elements (particle capture), Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Electrolysis
Material: Palladium, Nickel
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2O
Summary: Miley and colleagues present an elemental and isotopic analysis of transmutations in novel nickel and palladium nickel layered thin films electrode beads used in a Patterson Power Cell electrolysis system, which demonstrated excess thermal power production. In particular, nuclear activation analysis (NAA) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) were leveraged to both identify and quantify anomalous elemental production and distinguish such elements from contamination by confirming unnatural isotopic ratios. New elements were detected in comparatively high quantities and displayed a four-peak trend where the two low atomic number peaks appear to correspond to fission daughter products of palladium. The third and fourth peaks are slightly shifted to higher atomic numbers than palladium and platinum, the cathode and anode, respectively, potentially suggesting particle capture reactions by metal nuclei. Copius isotopic anomalies in frequency and magnitude were observed for new elements, diminishing the likelihood that new element production can prosaically be explained as contamination in the electrolysis process.

Observation of Low Energy Nuclear Transmutation Reactions Induced by Deuterium Permeation through Multilayer Pd and CaO Abstract thin Film

Author(s): Y. Iwamura, T. Itoh, N. Yamazaki, J. Kasagi, Y. Terada, T. Ishikawa, D. Sekiba, H. Yonemyra, K. Fukutani
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2011
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (particle capture), Unatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Gas Diffusion
Material: Palladium, Calcium oxide
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Iwamura and coworkers expanded on previous research showing the anomalous transmutation of cesium (Cs) and strontium dopants on the surface of a multilayer palladium thin film, calcium oxide, and palladium bulk samples to praseodymium (Pr) and molybdenum, respectively, upon deuterium gas permeation. In addition to time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), additional characterization techniques such as X-ray absorption near edge structure, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and in-situ X-ray fluorescence confirmed the transmutation of Cs to Pr. And a ToF-SIMS depth profile elucidates a gradient in Cs and Pr counts, suggesting a surface-originating nuclear reaction process. An additional experiment with barium (Ba) doping resulted in a one-order-of-magnitude increase in samarium-150 (Sm-150) ToF-SIMS counts with elemental confirmation by XPS. Whatsmore, because natural Ba is predominantly composed of the isotope Ba-138, the experiment was repeated with an isotopically enriched Ba-137 dopant yielding a Sm-149 peak without the previously reported peak at mass number 150. While XPS elemental confirmation could not be attained for the isotopically enriched experiment, this study provides strong evidence for a novel particle capture transmutation process triggered by the multilayer structure and deuterium gas permeation.

An experimental investigation of low energy nuclear reactions in a DC glow discharge

Author(s): Erik Ziehm
Publication: University of Illinois Library System
Year: 2022
More Information
Publication Type: Thesis
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Alpha Particle Emission, Energetic Particle Emission
Stimulation: Glow-Discharge
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Zeihm's doctoral thesis describes a DC plasma glow discharge experimental campaign reporting high energy alpha particle emission from a palladium deuteride, strongly indicating a nuclear reaction process. Palladium electrodes were biased under 1 kilovolt in a low-density deuterium plasma environment, driving deuteron loading and lattice dislocations. Using a solid-state plastic CR-39 detector, energetic particle track densities were roughly two orders of magnitude higher when using deuterium than in control hydrogen or helium environments. Particle track depths and cross-sectional widths were determined to be 138±21 keV alpha particles by calibration with an Amercium-241 radioisotope alpha particle source. Alpha particles were shown to originate from the palladium deuteride sample due to track vectors and control experiments.

Use of combined NAA and SIMS analyses for impurity level isotope detection

Author(s): G. H. Miley, G. Narne, T. Woo
Publication: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
Year: 2005
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Unnatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements), Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Transmuted Elements (particle capture)
Stimulation: Electrolysis
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2O
Summary: Following up on previous work in 1996, Miley et al. detail a rigorous methodology for studying elemental and isotopic anomalies in electrolyzed titanium thin-film cathodes using nuclear activation analysis (NAA) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). NAA is a quantitative whole-of-sample characterization technique, highly sensitive to trace amounts of material but only to particular isotopes of certain elements. Whereas, ToF-SIMS is a qualitative technique and highly sensitive to all isotopes of the vast majority of elements but suffers from erroneous elemental signals from molecular species. The paper describes a synergistic methodology that measures elemental concentrations with NAA, calibrating and quantifying ToF-SIMS data. New element production measured in titanium samples showed isotopic ratios that deviated from natural abundances, indicating a nuclear reaction process.

Terahertz difference frequency response of PdDin two-laser experiments

Author(s): P. L. Hagelstein, D. Letts, and D. Cravens
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2010
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Dual Laser Irradiation
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary: Hagelstein and coworkers irradiated a metal deuteride cathode in an electrolysis cell with two lasers trained on a single overlapping spot. A calorimetry system measured the excess heat response from the cell as a function of the frequency difference between the lasers. Hagelstein predicted the difference or beat frequency could induce an excess heat response by exciting low group velocity longitudinal optical phonon modes in the sample. Indeed, a sharp excess heat response was found to correlate to 8.2, 15.1, and 20.8 THz beat frequencies from p-polarized laser irradiation. The first two frequencies correspond to palladium deuteride optical phonon modes and the latter to either palladium hydride optical phonon modes from hydrogen contamination or deuterium vacancies in a deposited gold film.

Increased PdD anti-Stokes Peaks are Correlated with Excess Heat Mode

Author(s): Mitchell R. Swart, Peter L. Hagelstein
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2017
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Other
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy), Lattice Dynmaics (i.e. excited phonons)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Current (constant)
Material: Palladium, Zirconium Oxide, Nickel, Palladium alloy
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Building off of success with the electrically driven deuterium pre-loaded NANOR cold fusion system, Swartz and Hagelstein reported on the association of excess heat effects with excited acoustic phonon modes. The NANOR system is a deuterated palladium, nickel, or alloyed nanocomposite encased by zirconium oxide with electrical leads. The study identified anomalously high energy and large frequency single anti-stokes peaks only associated with the excess heat regime, characterized by high current and low voltage, and which suggest active vibrational states in the metal deuteride. Other background anti-sokes peaks were associated with zirconia vibrations. In contrast, the excess heat correlated anti-stokes peak elucidated the connection between active excess heat generating low-energy nuclear reactions and palladium deuteride acoustic phonon modes.

Transmutation of Elements in Saturated Palladium Hydrides by an XeCl Excimer Laser

Author(s): Vincenzo Nassisi
Publication: Fusion Technology
Year: 1998
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Light Emission
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, UV Laser irradiation (pulsed)
Material: Paladium wires
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: In the late 1990s, Nassisi irradiated palladium wires with a pulsed ultraviolet XeCl excimer laser in a stainless steel vacuum chamber with deuterium gas at 2.31 bar of pressure. Motivated by theoretical work, including a boson cluster model and a swimming electron model by Miley, Hora, and coworkers, Nassisi aimed to form a plasma layer of dissociated hydrogen gas on the surface of the palladium sample. After 30 days of one-hour irradiation periods per day, palladium deuteride samples shined brightly upon exposure to air, and anomalous pits were found on the surface where new elements were detected by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Only palladium deuteride samples demonstrated light emission and showed stronger intensities of new elements as compared to samples of palladium hydride or those without laser irradiation. No anomalous results were found when experiments were performed in a helium environment.

Analysis of hydrogen absorption model and abnormal reaction in palladium hydride

Author(s): Takeshi Uchikoshi
Publication: Kyoto University Library Network
Year: 2020
More Information
Publication Type: Thesis
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Neutron Bursts, Excess Heat (power and/or energy), He4 Gas
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Laser Irradiation (CW), Laser Irradiation (pulsed)
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Uchikoshi presented his thesis research on laser-stimulated neutron bursts in deuterated palladium thin films. A one-hundred-nanometer coating of gold, gold nanoparticles, and a silicon dioxide thin film was deposited on one or both surfaces of the Palladium thin films and contacted with a biased electrode. Upon stimulation in a low-pressure deuterium environment by continuous wave red and green low-power lasers and by a pulsed high-power infrared laser, multiple neutron bursts above the background were detected. Furthermore, some such bursts were correlated to apparent excess heat events and partial pressure spikes in a gaseous species of atomic mass four, which might be helium four, a tell-tale sign of a fusion reaction. In addition, there was an observed increase in the partial pressure of a gaseous species of atomic mass three, which could be evidence of nuclear products such as tritium or helium three or a prosaic protium-deuterium molecule.

Transmutation of Elements in Saturated Palladium Hydrides by an XeCl Excimer Laser

Author(s): Vincenzo Nassisi
Publication: Fusion Technology
Year: 1998
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Light Emission
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, UV Laser irradiation (pulsed)
Material: Paladium wires
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: In the late 1990s, Nassisi irradiated palladium wires with a pulsed ultraviolet XeCl excimer laser in a stainless steel vacuum chamber with deuterium gas at 2.31 bar of pressure. Motivated by theoretical work, including a boson cluster model and a swimming electron model by Miley, Hora, and coworkers, Nassisi aimed to form a plasma layer of dissociated hydrogen gas on the surface of the palladium sample. After 30 days of one-hour irradiation periods per day, palladium deuteride samples shined brightly upon exposure to air, and anomalous pits were found on the surface where new elements were detected by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Only palladium deuteride samples demonstrated light emission and showed stronger intensities of new elements as compared to samples of palladium hydride or those without laser irradiation. No anomalous results were found when experiments were performed in a helium environment.

Modification of Pd–H2 and Pd–D2 Thin Films Processed by He–Ne Laser

Author(s): V. Nassisi, U. Mastromatteo
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2011
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal)
Stimulation: Laser Irradiation (CW), Gas Loaded
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2, D2
Summary:

Material transformations into Pd-H2 and Pd-D2 systems induced by laser irradiation

Author(s): Ubaldo Mastromatteo
Publication: ---
Year: 2017
More Information
Publication Type: Archive Paper (pre-publication)
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: Lenr/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal)
Stimulation: Laser Irradiation (CW), Gas Loaded
Material: Doped Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2, D2
Summary: Similar to previous work, Mastromatteo reports on palladium thin films, notably in this experiment with implanted boron dopants treated with low-power, continuous wave He-Ne lasers in both hydrogen and deuterium gas chambers. Samples left in air or treated with hydrogen gas but without laser irradiation were found to be pristine. In contrast, anomalous and purported transmuted element detection and morphological aberrations were reported in samples subject to deuterium gas with or without laser treatment and samples in hydrogen gas with laser treatment.

LENR Anomalies in Pd–H2 Systems Submitted to Laser Stimulation

Author(s): Ubaldo Mastromatteo
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2016
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Laser Irradiation (CW), Gas Loaded
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2, D2
Summary: In this paper, Ubaldo Mastromatteo follows up and reports on prior work at the University of Lecce that showed transmutations in palladium thin films on a silicon or silicon dioxide with a chromium adhesion layer in a pressurized hydrogen gas environment. Experiments were carried out at benign temperatures and modest pressures (1.5 bar), and samples were stimulated by continuous wave visible laser irradiation for a few weeks at a time. Mastromatteo reviews similar reports in the literature on various material systems and documents scanning electron microscope data showcasing morphological features (i.e. cavities) on the surface of palladium thin films not present in control samples. Moreover, energy dispersive X-ray spectra show different elemental distributions (e.g. zinc, aluminum, and calcium) for data taken within these morphological cavities compared to just outside them. Despite neutron and gamma detection, no nuclear radiation above the background was detected, except for a brief mention of "some neutron emission" in palladium deuteride systems.

Transmutations observed from pressure cycling palladium silver metals with deuterium gas

Author(s): Gustave C. Fralick, Robert C. Hendricks, Wayne D. Jennings, Theresa L. Benyo, Frederick W. VanKeuls, David L. Ellis, Bruce M. Steinetz, Lawrence P. Forsley, Carl E. Sandifer II
Publication: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Year: 2020
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Pressure Cycling, Temperature Cycling
Material: Pd alloy
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Fralick et al. report on new elements in deuterated palladium silver alloys along with apparent excess heat events upon pressure cycling treatment. In particular, metals such as zinc, manganese, titanium, and chromium were found at craters not present prior to the experiment, as recorded by SEM-EDX, ICP-AES, and TOF-SIMS. However, the TOF-SIMS data did not show deviation from natural isotopic abundance. Nevertheless, analysis of control samples found no such crater-like features nor elemental anomalies.

Nuclear transmutation in deutered PD films irradiated by an UV laser

Author(s): Castellano, M. Di Giulio, M. Dinescu, V. Nassisi, A. Conte, P.P. Pompa
Publication: Italian Physical Society
Year: 2000
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Laser Irradiation (pulsed), High Pressure
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: The University of Lecce authors irradiated palladium samples of varying thicknesses deposited on silicon wafers with a XeCl excimer ultraviolet laser at an elevated pressure of deuterium gas. After a few weeks of irradiation in a vacuum chamber, SEM-EDX analysis of the palladium samples found cracks, which purportedly contained transmuted elements. Several such elements are likely to be contaminated, but others are heavy elements that could be fission products of palladium nuclei.

Progress toward a theory for excess heat in metal deuterides

Author(s): Peter L. Hagelstein, IrfanU. Chaudhary, Michael C.H. McKubre, Francis Tanzella
Publication: AIP Conference Proceedings
Year: 2009
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Electrolysis
Material: Palladium, Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O, D2
Summary: In this conference proceeding, Hagelstein et al. seek to develop theoretical models to explain the observed phenomena associated with cold fusion, including excess thermal power from metal hydrides without high energy radiation and, in some cases, correlated with He4 gas evolution where excess thermal energy translated to the canonical ~24 MeV per He4 atom. The proposed theoretical framework models deuteron pairs as excited two-level nuclear quantum systems, which coherently couple to shared oscillators in the form of highly excited phonon modes. These oscillators facilitate the transfer of nuclear energy quanta to the lattice via many low-energy oscillator quanta, manifesting in observed excess heat.

Anomalous Neutron Burst Emissions in Deuterium-Loaded Metals: Nuclear Reaction at Normal Temperature

Author(s): Jiang Song-Sheng, Xu Xiao-Ming, Zhu Li-Qun, Gu Shao-Gang, Ruan Xi-Chao, He Ming, Qi Bu-Jia
Publication: Chinese Phys. Lett.
Year: 2012
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Measurements in the Gran Sasso Laboratory: Evidence for nuclear effects in electrolysis with Pd/Ti and in different tests with deuterated high temperature superconductors

Author(s): F.Celani, A.Spallone, L.Liberatori, B.Stella, F.Ferrarotto, M.Corradi, P.Marini, S.Fortunati, M.Tului
Publication: AIP Conference Proceedings
Year: 1991
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell, Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Gamma Radiation, Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Gas Loaded, Cold Shock, High Pressure, Temperature Cycling
Material: Palladium, Titanium, High-Temperature Superconductor
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O, D2
Summary: Celani and colleagues reported on three experiments performed under low background radiation in the Underground Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy. The first experiment reported gamma-ray bursts from the electrolysis of palladium and titanium alloys in heavy water recorded by NaI detectors. The second experiment was on neutron signals recorded by two He3 detectors upon thermal cycling of high-temperature superconductors in a high-pressure deuterium gas environment using liquid nitrogen cooling. The last experimental type reported a two-standard deviation increase in the neutron signal from the second experiment via stimulation of the system by an Americium-Beryllium neutron source.

New Physical Effects In Metal Deuterides

Author(s): Peter L. Hagelstein, Michael C. H. McKubre, David J. Nagel, Talbot A. Chubb, Randall J. Hekman
Publication: Report to the Department of Energy
Year: 2006
More Information
Publication Type: Government Report
Research Type: Review
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
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Summary: In 2004, the US Department of Energy (DOE) agreed to revisit the cold fusion phenomena in light of compiled research in the literature after the 1989 DOE report. As such, Hagelstein and colleagues prepared a report for the DOE on a subset of the results in the field. The experimental evidence for cold fusion presented in the report was principally categorized as measurements of excess heat, correlations of excess heat and helium production, and detection of nuclear particle emission. An effort was made to show correlations of excess heat with deuterium loading into palladium and electrolysis current density. A linear relationship was demonstrated for excess energy and elevated levels of helium gas, which was within one order of magnitude theoretical helium production from a D + D -> He4 + 23.8 MeV fusion reaction pathway. Reports of neutron bursts during electrolysis were correlated to low current density regimes, whereas excess heat was reported at high current densities. Furthermore, a variety of experiments showed evidence for charged particle emission, some of which had energy spectra inconsistent with DD fusion reactions.

Neutron Emissions from Metal Deuterides

Author(s): S. E. Jones, F. W. Keeney, A. C. Johnson, D. B. Buehler, F. E. Cecil, G. Hubler, P. L. Hagelstein, J. E. Ellsworth, M. R. Scott
Publication: Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion
Year: 2003
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber, Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Heating, High Pressure
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2, D2O
Summary: Following up on previous research in the 1990s, Jones and coworkers report on neutron emission above background from gas-loaded titanium deuterides in non-equilibrium conditions. Experiments were performed in an underground laboratory at Provo Canyon to reduce background radiation. Three plastic scintillator panels surrounding the experimental setup further vetoed spurious cosmic ray background signal. A plastic scintillator a moderator surrounded the sample holder recording prompt signals and thermalizing any neutrons, which were then detected by sixteen He3 neutron counters arranged in an inner and outer ring around the experimental setup and were calibrated with a plutonium neutron source in place of the samples to determine the ratio of counts recorded in each ring. During a series of experiments, rates of neutron emission from titanium deuteride foils were recorded up to four times above a constant and low background rate with good reproducibility and an inner-to-outer ring ratio matching that of the plutonium test, solidifying the origin of neutron emission.

Neutron and Gamma-Ray Emission from Palladium Deuteride under Supercritical Conditions

Author(s): Jacob Jorne
Publication: Fusion Technology
Year: 1991
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Neutron Emissions (low-level above background), Gamma Radiation
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Cold Shock, Temperature Cycling, Pressure Cycling
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Jorne reported neutron and gamma-ray emissions from deuterium-loaded palladium samples after being cooled in dry ice, repeated deuterium flushing at high pressures (which could potentially remove oxides layers), and elevated temperatures. Two calibrated liquid scintillator detectors, capable of neutron and gamma-ray discrimination, measured significant increases in neutron and gamma-ray counts above the background in high-temperature regimes, believed to be connected to the palladium deuteride critical point. Background runs were conducted before and after experimental runs, and no excess neutron or gamma-rays were detected in empty or hydrogen gas-filled cells.

Measurement of neutron emission from Ti and Pd in pressurized D2 gas and D2O electrolysis cells

Author(s): H.O. Menlove, M.M. Fowler, E. Garcia, M.C. Miller, M.A. Paciotti, R.R. Ryan, S.E. Jones
Publication: Journal of Fusion Energy
Year: 1990
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber, Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Neutron Bursts, Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Electrolysis, Cold Shock
Material: Titanium, Palladium, Zirconium, Vanadium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2, D2O
Summary: A collaboration between a Los Alamos National Laboratory team and Jones and colleagues detected low-level random neutron counts and time-correlated neutron bursts in deuterium gas-loaded titanium and palladium and alloyed samples in heavy water electrolysis experiments. Neutron detection was recorded in a rigorous system with four variations and a series of background and dummy runs, the latter being either empty cells filled with hydrogen gas or light water or heavy water without electrodes. Sub 100 micro-second neutron bursts were reported despite no bursts of comparable magnitude in dummy runs, background data, or parallel control counters. Neutron bursts in electrochemical cells were ~3σ above background, during which two detection systems ran in parallel and recorded no bursts or count rate fluctuations. Low-level random neutron emission above the background from titanium deuteride samples recorded in two detection systems was ~4.3σ above dummy runs. All four detection systems recorded neutron bursts, and two detection systems measured low-level random counts above the background. Anomalous neutron results were observed for 14 of the 42 experiment runs, by as much as two orders of magnitude above the largest observed cosmic background burst in 20 weeks of data collection.

First experimental results at the gran sasso laboratory on cold nuclear fusion in titanium electrodes

Author(s): A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, M. Capponi, S. De Castro, U. Marconi, C. Moroni, M. Piccinini, N. Semprini-Cesari, A. Trombini, A. Vitale, A. Zoccoli, J. B. Czirr, G. L. Jensen, S. E. Jones, E. P. Palmer
Publication: Journal of Fusion Energy
Year: 1990
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Current (constant)
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary: After the initial claims by Jones et al. of neutron production from metal deuterides, follow-up experiments were performed at the Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy, an underground facility with a 4,000-meter water equivalent of shielding from cosmic radiation background, which lends more credibility to observed neutron production. Furthermore, background measurements were taken before, after, and in parallel to all experiments in one of the two proton-recoil liquid scintillator neutron detectors, which was placed several meters away from the electrochemical cells. Both detectors were calibrated to detect neutrons and discriminate gamma-rays. In several one-hour experimental runs, only the detector close to the cells recorded above-background neutron counts, which returned to the background count rate when the cells were removed, and when the cells were brought close to the background detector further away from the setup, count rates increased significantly. Neutron count rates above the background were low relative to the background gamma flux, peaked at ~2.5 MeV, and were in agreement with the original paper by Jones et al.

Evidence of Emission of Neutrons from a Titanium-Deuterium System

Author(s): A. Deninno, A. Frattolillo, G. Lollobattista, L. Martinis, M. Marton, L. Mori, S. Podda, F. Scaramuzzi
Publication: Europhysics Letters
Year: 1989
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Neutron Bursts
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Cold Shock, Temperature Cycling, Pressure Cycling
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Shortly after the intial cold fusion claims, De Ninno and colleagues designed an experiment to detect neutron emission with a BF3 detector to test if purported low-energy nuclear reactions could be achieved in a gaseous cell as opposed to an electrochemical cell and to test conclusions by Jones et al. that such reactions required metal deuteride samples to be in out-of-equilibrium conditions. Titanium samples in high-pressure deuterium gas cells were cooled to 77 kelvin by liquid nitrogen and allowed to warm up slowly over 60 hours with noted replenishments of liquid nitrogen. During this experiment, a series of neutron bursts were reported in ten-minute integrated time intervals and were 35 times above the background. A second experiment loaded titanium samples for a day before the liquid nitrogen treatment was applied, and neutron counts were observed to be 500 times above the background, following a gaussian-like temporal distribution. The authors point out that future experiments should have a superior temporal resolution.

Observation of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter

Author(s): S.E. Jones et al.
Publication: Nature
Year: 1989
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Current (constant)
Material: Palladium, Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary: Motivated by observations of excess He-3 flux from volcanic and other geothermal sources, and by anomolous reports of helium in metal foils, Jones at al. pursued cold nuclear fusion experiments in heavy water electrolysis using titanium and palladium cathodes. Electrolysis cell were placed on top of an integrated liquid scintilator and Li-6 glass scintillator. The former acts as botha detector and a moderator for the latter, which stopped neutrons, enabling discrimination of counts not coincident within 20μs of one another. When neutron counts were compared to scaled with control data, using light water of heavy water without a current, an axcess in counts were found near 2.5 MeV, which aligns with canoncial deuteron-deuteron fusion neutrons. Scaling in the local energy region of interest resulted in neutron counts 5σ above background.

Laser-Induced Cold Nuclear Fusion in Ti-H2-D2-T2 Compositions

Author(s): Igor L. Beltyukov et al.
Publication: Fusion Technology
Year: 1991
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Neutron Bursts, Gamma Radiation
Stimulation: Laser Irradiation (pulsed), Gas Loaded, Induced Phase Transitions, Pressure Cycling, Temperature Cycling
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: In the early 1990s, Beltyukov et al. reported on neutron and gamma-ray emissions above background from titanium deuteride rod (an apparent typo lists TiH1.97) samples stimulated by a pulsed laser and in a separate style of experiment, via induced phase transitions. The former experiment, where an infrared pulsed Nd-YAG laser (~1 J, ~1 μs, 50 Hz) irradiated the titanium sample in the α-phase, demonstrated a correlation between the on/off laser cycles and neutron and gamma bursts. In the latter style of the experiment, the TiD sample was driven to out-of-equilibrium conditions by inducing periodic phase transitions from the γ-phase to the β-phase through the mixed β+γ intermediary phase via three different treatments: 1) laser irradiation (33 Hz, 4mm diameter) 2) sample heater 3) deuterium gas pressure cycling under constant sample temperature. Dozens of instances of neutron bursts 2-3 orders of magnitude above background are reported with 75 percent of counts occuring at the γ-phase or β-phase boundaries, despite the samples only being in such phase boundary regimes for 15 percent of experimental time. Proportional He3 neutron counters—with reported 60 percent thermal neutron detection efficiency, calibrated by Cf252, and with ~0.1 n/s background count rate—and two lead-shielded NaI:Tl gamma-ray detectors—calibrated with Co60 and a reported background count rate of ~3 γ/s—were used to perform experiments and control runs.
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Enhanced D-D Fusion Rates when the Coulomb Barrier Is Lowered by Electrons

Author(s): Alfred Y. Wong, Alexander Gunn, Allan X. Chena, Chun-Ching Shih, Mason J. Guffey
Publication: arXiv
Year: 2021
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Approach to Nuclear Fusion:
Utilizing Dynamics of High-Density Electrons and Neutrals

Author(s): Alfred Y. Wong, Chun-Ching Shih
Publication: arXiv
Year: 2019
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Ponderomotive Screening of Nuclear Fusion Reactions Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance

Author(s): Mason J. Guffey, Alfred Y. Wong
Publication: arXiv
Year: 2020
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Earth factories: Creation of the elements from nuclear transmutation in Earth’s lower mantle

Author(s): Mikio Fukuhara, Alexander Yoshino, Nobuhisa Fujima
Publication: AIP Advances
Year: 2021
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Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: Geothermal Fusion
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Summary: Fukuhara and colleagues expand on a 2016 article proposing a terrestrial nuclear fusion process in Earth's core with a mechanism for endothermic terrestrial nucleosynthesis of 25 lighter-than-iron elements. Conventionally, nucleosynthesis is thought to be primarily a steller phenomenon. Differences in atomic composition in Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars and recent reports of atmospheric mass loss to space requiring a replenishing terrestrial gaseous supply prompted the authors to postulate a series of terrestrial nuclear transmutation reactions.

Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals

Author(s): Vladimir Pines, Marianna Pines, Arnon Chait, Bruce M. Steinetz, Lawrence P. Forsley, Robert C. Hendricks, Gustave C. Fralick, Theresa L. Benyo, Bayarbadrakh Baramsai, Philip B. Ugorowski, Michael D. Becks, Richard E. Martin, Nicholas Penney, Carl E. Sandifer
Publication: Phys. Rev. C
Year: 2020
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: Lattice Confined Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal)
Stimulation: Bremsstrahlung Radiation
Material: Palladium, Erbium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
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Known mechanisms that increase nuclear fusion rates in the solid state

Author(s): Florian Metzler, Camden Hunt, Nicola Galvanetto
Publication: arXiv
Year: 2022
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Publication Type: Archive Paper (pre-publication)
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: N/A
Observables: N/A
Stimulation: N/A
Material: N/A
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: N/A
Summary: The authors of this paper synthesize known and posited processes from the fields of atomic, nuclear, and quantum physics and calculate the theoretical fusion rate of various combinations of these phenomena to elucidate pathways to observable fusion rates in the solid-state. First, the authors frame isotopic hydrogen fusion in metal lattices with an atomic perspective, where fusion is a quantum tunneling event through the electrostatic coulomb repulsion between positively charged hydrogen nucleons. The paper details the increased fusion rate by electron screening of the so-called coulomb barrier from varying lattice hydrogen nuclei occupancy and out-of-equilibrium fluctuations in electron density. Next, the authors introduce the nuclear physics perspective, which includes nucleon-nucleon interactions. They consider the possibility of a low-center-of-mass energy intranuclear resonance in DD fusion, as proposed by Czerski et al., 2020. Last but likely the most important contribution of the paper, the authors reframe fusion in the solid-state as a state transition (i.e. excited to ground) in a two-level quantum system. In particular, the authors consider two quantum phenomena, non-radiative energy transfer and superradiance, together referred to as supertransfer, whereby pairs of hydrogen nuclei in lattice monovacancies could non-radiatively couple (i.e. couple by fields such as excited phonon modes and electromagnetic fields from metal ion vibrations) forming a collective quantum state. If such a quantum coherent domain included a sufficient number (N) of coupled nuclei, the state could experience a transition to a superradiant phase, accelerating the fusion rate proportional to N. Importantly, decay (fusion) of excited DD states to He4 is offset by the inverse excitation of He4 back into a DD pair, resulting in an effectively closed system. However, if the fusion state transition energy is resonant with a nuclear-excited state of metal lattice or impurity nuclei, the latter can incoherently absorb the fusion energy and disintegrate (i.e. induced fission or particle emission), resulting in an open system where a variety of nuclear products can be detected.

Deuteron-deuteron reaction cross sections at very low energies

Author(s): Konrad Czerski, K. Czerskia, N. Targosz-Ślęczka, M. Kaczmarski
Publication: Acta Physica Polonica B
Year: 2020
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: Low-Energy Regime Solid State Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: N/A
Stimulation: N/A
Material: Zirconium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Czerski and co-authors investigate fusion cross-section enhancements via electron screening of the coulomb barrier at low energies. Previous experimental efforts found a three-fold higher electron screening effect than theoretical expectations. The authors propose an emergent low-energy deuteron-deuteron fusion resonance and fit this model to experimental data. Such a mechanism could elucidate the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical fusion cross-sections at low energies corresponding to near-room temperature.

Experiments to investigate phonon-nuclear interactions

Author(s): Florian Metzler
Publication: MIT Libraries
Year: 2019
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Publication Type: Thesis
Research Type: Adjacent & Relevant Experimental Literature
Solid State Fusion Type: Other
Reactor Set-Up: Other
Observables:
Stimulation: Mechanical stress, Ultrasound transducer
Material: Fe-57
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants:
Summary: Metzler pursued experiments with samples containing ground state Fe-57 nuclei and some excited state Fe-57 nuclei (populated by decaying Co-57 nuclei) to investigate theoretical work by Hagelstein and Chaudhary on phonon-nuclear interactions. In the absence of treatment applied to the sample, such Fe-57 nuclei, which were deposited on a steel plate, showed expected radioactive emission. However, radioactive emissions deviated from expected values for samples with mechanical stress applied to the steel plate. In particular, Fe-57 14.4 KeV gamma-ray and K-alpha emissions were increased over control experiments by 19 and 17 percent at the site of a fixed X-ray spectrometer. Such changes in detected emission intensities have been attributed to the phonon-mediated transfer of nuclear excitation energy away from sites of excited Fe-57 nuclei to sites of ground state Fe-57 nuclei (which then subsequently decay and emit photons). Such proposed nuclear excitation transfer would provide a generic explanation for a wide range of reported LENR effects. Unaltered X-ray fluorescence from the steel and detection of local Fe-57 emissions changes in multiple experimental setups and using several different detectors bolsters confidence in the observed results.

Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals

Author(s): Bruce M. Steinetz, Theresa L. Benyo, Arnon Chait, Robert C. Hendricks, Lawrence P. Forsley, Bayarbadrakh Baramsai, Philip B. Ugorowski, Michael D. Becks, Vladimir Pines, Marianna Pines, Richard E. Martin, Nicholas Penney, Gustave C. Fralick, Carl E. Sandifer
Publication: Phys. Rev. C
Year: 2020
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: Lattice Confined Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal)
Stimulation: Bremsstrahlung Radiation
Material: Palladium, Erbium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary:
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