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Phonon dynamics

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Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium

Author(s): Martin Fleischmann, Stanley Pons
Publication: Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry
Year: 1989
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Publication Type: University of Southampton, University of Utah
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Current (constant)
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary:

Increase of Reaction Products in Deuterium Permeation-induced Transmutation

Author(s): Y. Iwamura, T. Itoh, S. Tsuruga
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2014
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Transmuted Elements (particle capture), Unatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements), Gamma Radiation
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Laser Irradiation (CW), High Pressure
Material: Palladium, Calcium oxide
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Iwamure et al. report on an electrochemical instantiation of their previously reported transmutation experiments of dopants on the surface of multilayer palladium, oxide, and palladium material stacks upon a deuteron flux through the sample. The electrochemical method is thought to accelerate transmutations by increasing the available deuteron density, which is also observed at elevated deuterium gas pressures. Additional control experiments further increased confidence in prior results by performing both time-of-flight secondary ion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at the sample center and corner; since the former would be subject to more deuterium permeation and indeed, transmutations are prominent in the former and absent in the latter. Prosaic explanations for purported transmutations by electrolyte contamination were addressed by an absence of mass spectrometry peaks corresponding to observed transmutation products in the solution and because control samples, under nearly identical conditions but without dopant implantation, showed no transmutation signals. Yttrium oxide was a successful alternative to calcium oxide, but magnesium oxide was not, which was attributed to its higher work function. Despite previous gaseous-based experiments yielding no gamma rays, the electrochemical method occasionally produced 609 keV gammas in a low-current density regime and 511 keV gammas at higher current densities, the latter closely matching the electron-positron annihilation energy. Lastly, UV laser stimulation was found not to affect the results significantly.

Nuclear Products and Their Time Dependence Induced by Continuous Diffusion of Deuterium Through Multi-layer Palladium Containing Low Work Function Material

Author(s): Yasuhiro Iwamura, Takehiko Itoh, Mitsuru Sakano
Publication: International Conference on Cold Fusion 8
Year: 2000
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Correlation of excess power and helium production during D2O and H2O electrolysis using palladium cathodes

Author(s): M.H. Miles, R.A. Hollins, B.F. Bush, J.J. Lagowski, R.E. Miles
Publication: Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Year: 1993
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Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy), He4 Gas, X-Rays
Stimulation: Electrolysis
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D20
Summary: To assess a potential nuclear origin for anomalous excess enthalpy bursts in palladium cathodes electrolyzed in heavy water, Miles and colleagues sought evidence for nuclear products commensurate with measured excess energy. Excess heat was measured with an open calorimetry system in a D2O palladium electrolysis experiment, and effluent gas was captured and analyzed. Mass spectrometry showed helium four (He-4) gas within one order of magnitude of commensurate amounts given the excess energy. No He-3 was detected, suggesting a suppression of canonical non-He-4 branching ratios. No gamma emission was detected, but X-ray dental film exposure suggested X-ray emission. Neither excess heat nor He-4 was measured when electrolyzing with light water. Great care was taken to avoid environmental helium contamination (e.g., oil bubbler, positive pressure within the cell, and flushing with nitrogen), and continuous flushing of deuterium and oxygen gases reduced the risk of excess enthalpy due to chemical recombination. Neutron and tritium detection were both inconclusive. A rigorous neutron detection system was not employed, and no activation of metal foils was detected, placing an upper limit on neutron emission. Elevated tritium was measured, but enrichment processes could not be ruled out. Follow-up experiments using new palladium electrodes produced no anomalous data, implying reproducibility challenges. No excess He-4 was detected in heavy-water electrolysis experiments that did not produce excess heat. Concerning risks of helium diffusion through pyrex gas containers, for both heavy and light water electrolysis, there was no correlation between detected helium and the time between gas collection and mass spectrometry analysis, further diminishing the likelihood of prosaic helium contamination.

An investigative study on neutron emissions from titanium-deuterium system under thermal shock

Author(s): Modeste Tchakoua Tchouaso
Publication: University of Missouri Library Systems
Year: 2017
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Publication Type: Thesis
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Stimulation of Optical Phonons in Deuterated Palladium

Author(s): P. L. Hagelstein, D. Letts
Publication: International Conference on Cold Fusion 14
Year: 2008
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Publication Type: Conference Paper
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Analysis of some experimental data from the two-laser experiment

Author(s): P. L. Hagelstein, D. Letts
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2010
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Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
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Summary: Building off previous work showing the correlation of excess heat in a heavy water electrolysis experiment to the difference (beat) frequency between two lasers irradiating the cathode, Hagelstein and co-authors analyze the data, yielding new insights. In particular, the excess heat response is reported to reach a steady state faster for the 8.2 THz beat frequency than for the 15.1 THz or 20.8 THz beta frequencies. After altering laser irradiation characteristics, the electrolysis cell is left to equilibrate for three hours, ensuring non-transient measurements. Absorbed laser power was calculated and measured using calorimetry in off-resonance beat frequency regimes. The magnitude of absorbed laser power was one order of magnitude less than the excess power response for resonant beat frequencies.

Elemental Analysis of Pd Complexes: Effects of D2 Gas Permeation

Author(s): Yasuhiro Iwamura, Mitsuru Sakano, Takehiko Itoh
Publication: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
Year: 2002
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Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (particle capture), Unatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Gas Diffusion
Material: Palladium, Calcium oxide
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Iwamura and colleagues report on transmutations in palladium and oxide complexes. Upon permeation of deuterium gas through alternating layers of palladium and calcium oxide on a palladium bulk sample with a thin film palladium capping layer, anomalous elemental transmutations were observed. In particular, the surface layer was doped with cesium, which monotonically decreased in counts as measured via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy over the course of a 120-hour experimental run concomitant with an increase in previously undetected praseodymium. Similar transmutation of strontium to molybdenum was observed, the latter shown in three separate experimental runs to have unnatural isotopic ratios. The anomalous transmutations were notably absent when using hydrogen or deuterium gas without the calcium oxide layer. These results suggest a novel and as-of-yet unexplained simultaneous double alpha particle capture reaction, which would be subject to an extremely high coulomb repulsion.

Increase of Reaction Products in Deuterium Permeation-induced Transmutation

Author(s): Y. Iwamura, T. Itoh, S. Tsuruga
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2014
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Transmuted Elements (particle capture), Unatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements), Gamma Radiation
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Laser Irradiation (CW), High Pressure
Material: Palladium, Calcium Oxide
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Iwamure et al. report on an electrochemical instantiation of their previously reported transmutation experiments of dopants on the surface of multilayer palladium, oxide, and palladium material stacks upon a deuteron flux through the sample. The electrochemical method is thought to accelerate transmutations by increasing the available deuteron density, which is also observed at elevated deuterium gas pressures. Additional control experiments further increased confidence in prior results by performing both time-of-flight secondary ion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at the sample center and corner; since the former would be subject to more deuterium permeation and indeed, transmutations are prominent in the former and absent in the latter. Prosaic explanations for purported transmutations by electrolyte contamination were addressed by an absence of mass spectrometry peaks corresponding to observed transmutation products in the solution and because control samples, under nearly identical conditions but without dopant implantation, showed no transmutation signals. Yttrium oxide was a successful alternative to calcium oxide, but magnesium oxide was not, which was attributed to its higher work function. Despite previous gaseous-based experiments yielding no gamma rays, the electrochemical method occasionally produced 609 keV gammas in a low-current density regime and 511 keV gammas at higher current densities, the latter closely matching the electron-positron annihilation energy. Lastly, UV laser stimulation was found not to affect the results significantly.

Quantitative Observation of Transmutation Products Occuring in Thin-Film Coated Microspheres During Electrolysis

Author(s): G.H. Miley, G. Narne, M.J. Williams, J.A. Patterson, J. Nix, D. Cravens, H. Hora
Publication: International Conference on Cold Fusion 6
Year: 1996
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Unatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements), Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Transmuted Elements (particle capture), Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Electrolysis
Material: Palladium, Nickel
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2O
Summary: Miley and colleagues present an elemental and isotopic analysis of transmutations in novel nickel and palladium nickel layered thin films electrode beads used in a Patterson Power Cell electrolysis system, which demonstrated excess thermal power production. In particular, nuclear activation analysis (NAA) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) were leveraged to both identify and quantify anomalous elemental production and distinguish such elements from contamination by confirming unnatural isotopic ratios. New elements were detected in comparatively high quantities and displayed a four-peak trend where the two low atomic number peaks appear to correspond to fission daughter products of palladium. The third and fourth peaks are slightly shifted to higher atomic numbers than palladium and platinum, the cathode and anode, respectively, potentially suggesting particle capture reactions by metal nuclei. Copius isotopic anomalies in frequency and magnitude were observed for new elements, diminishing the likelihood that new element production can prosaically be explained as contamination in the electrolysis process.

Observation of Low Energy Nuclear Transmutation Reactions Induced by Deuterium Permeation through Multilayer Pd and CaO Abstract thin Film

Author(s): Y. Iwamura, T. Itoh, N. Yamazaki, J. Kasagi, Y. Terada, T. Ishikawa, D. Sekiba, H. Yonemyra, K. Fukutani
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2011
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (particle capture), Unatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Gas Diffusion
Material: Palladium, Calcium oxide
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Iwamura and coworkers expanded on previous research showing the anomalous transmutation of cesium (Cs) and strontium dopants on the surface of a multilayer palladium thin film, calcium oxide, and palladium bulk samples to praseodymium (Pr) and molybdenum, respectively, upon deuterium gas permeation. In addition to time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), additional characterization techniques such as X-ray absorption near edge structure, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and in-situ X-ray fluorescence confirmed the transmutation of Cs to Pr. And a ToF-SIMS depth profile elucidates a gradient in Cs and Pr counts, suggesting a surface-originating nuclear reaction process. An additional experiment with barium (Ba) doping resulted in a one-order-of-magnitude increase in samarium-150 (Sm-150) ToF-SIMS counts with elemental confirmation by XPS. Whatsmore, because natural Ba is predominantly composed of the isotope Ba-138, the experiment was repeated with an isotopically enriched Ba-137 dopant yielding a Sm-149 peak without the previously reported peak at mass number 150. While XPS elemental confirmation could not be attained for the isotopically enriched experiment, this study provides strong evidence for a novel particle capture transmutation process triggered by the multilayer structure and deuterium gas permeation.

Terahertz difference frequency response of PdDin two-laser experiments

Author(s): P. L. Hagelstein, D. Letts, D. Cravens
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2010
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Dual Laser Irradiation
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary: Hagelstein and coworkers irradiated a metal deuteride cathode in an electrolysis cell with two lasers trained on a single overlapping spot. A calorimetry system measured the excess heat response from the cell as a function of the frequency difference between the lasers. Hagelstein predicted the difference or beat frequency could induce an excess heat response by exciting low group velocity longitudinal optical phonon modes in the sample. Indeed, a sharp excess heat response was found to correlate to 8.2, 15.1, and 20.8 THz beat frequencies from p-polarized laser irradiation. The first two frequencies correspond to palladium deuteride optical phonon modes and the latter to either palladium hydride optical phonon modes from hydrogen contamination or deuterium vacancies in a deposited gold film.

An experimental investigation of low energy nuclear reactions in a DC glow discharge

Author(s): Erik Ziehm
Publication: University of Illinois Library System
Year: 2022
More Information
Publication Type: Thesis
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber (plasma)
Observables: Alpha Particle Emission, Energetic Particle Emission
Stimulation: Glow-Discharge
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Zeihm's doctoral thesis describes a DC plasma glow discharge experimental campaign reporting high energy alpha particle emission from a palladium deuteride, strongly indicating a nuclear reaction process. Palladium electrodes were biased under 1 kilovolt in a low-density deuterium plasma environment, driving deuteron loading and lattice dislocations. Using a solid-state plastic CR-39 detector, energetic particle track densities were roughly two orders of magnitude higher when using deuterium than in control hydrogen or helium environments. Particle track depths and cross-sectional widths were determined to be 138±21 keV alpha particles by calibration with an Amercium-241 radioisotope alpha particle source. Alpha particles were shown to originate from the palladium deuteride sample due to track vectors and control experiments.

Use of combined NAA and SIMS analyses for impurity level isotope detection

Author(s): G. H. Miley, G. Narne, T. Woo
Publication: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
Year: 2005
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Unnatural Isotopic Ratios (transmuted elements), Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Transmuted Elements (particle capture)
Stimulation: Electrolysis
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2O
Summary: Following up on previous work in 1996, Miley et al. detail a rigorous methodology for studying elemental and isotopic anomalies in electrolyzed titanium thin-film cathodes using nuclear activation analysis (NAA) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). NAA is a quantitative whole-of-sample characterization technique, highly sensitive to trace amounts of material but only to particular isotopes of certain elements. Whereas, ToF-SIMS is a qualitative technique and highly sensitive to all isotopes of the vast majority of elements but suffers from erroneous elemental signals from molecular species. The paper describes a synergistic methodology that measures elemental concentrations with NAA, calibrating and quantifying ToF-SIMS data. New element production measured in titanium samples showed isotopic ratios that deviated from natural abundances, indicating a nuclear reaction process.

Terahertz difference frequency response of PdDin two-laser experiments

Author(s): P. L. Hagelstein, D. Letts, and D. Cravens
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2010
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Dual Laser Irradiation
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary: Hagelstein and coworkers irradiated a metal deuteride cathode in an electrolysis cell with two lasers trained on a single overlapping spot. A calorimetry system measured the excess heat response from the cell as a function of the frequency difference between the lasers. Hagelstein predicted the difference or beat frequency could induce an excess heat response by exciting low group velocity longitudinal optical phonon modes in the sample. Indeed, a sharp excess heat response was found to correlate to 8.2, 15.1, and 20.8 THz beat frequencies from p-polarized laser irradiation. The first two frequencies correspond to palladium deuteride optical phonon modes and the latter to either palladium hydride optical phonon modes from hydrogen contamination or deuterium vacancies in a deposited gold film.

Increased PdD anti-Stokes Peaks are Correlated with Excess Heat Mode

Author(s): Mitchell R. Swart, Peter L. Hagelstein
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2017
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Other
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy), Lattice Dynmaics (i.e. excited phonons)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Current (constant)
Material: Palladium, Zirconium Oxide, Nickel, Palladium alloy
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Building off of success with the electrically driven deuterium pre-loaded NANOR cold fusion system, Swartz and Hagelstein reported on the association of excess heat effects with excited acoustic phonon modes. The NANOR system is a deuterated palladium, nickel, or alloyed nanocomposite encased by zirconium oxide with electrical leads. The study identified anomalously high energy and large frequency single anti-stokes peaks only associated with the excess heat regime, characterized by high current and low voltage, and which suggest active vibrational states in the metal deuteride. Other background anti-sokes peaks were associated with zirconia vibrations. In contrast, the excess heat correlated anti-stokes peak elucidated the connection between active excess heat generating low-energy nuclear reactions and palladium deuteride acoustic phonon modes.

Transmutation of Elements in Saturated Palladium Hydrides by an XeCl Excimer Laser

Author(s): Vincenzo Nassisi
Publication: Fusion Technology
Year: 1998
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Light Emission
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, UV Laser irradiation (pulsed)
Material: Paladium wires
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: In the late 1990s, Nassisi irradiated palladium wires with a pulsed ultraviolet XeCl excimer laser in a stainless steel vacuum chamber with deuterium gas at 2.31 bar of pressure. Motivated by theoretical work, including a boson cluster model and a swimming electron model by Miley, Hora, and coworkers, Nassisi aimed to form a plasma layer of dissociated hydrogen gas on the surface of the palladium sample. After 30 days of one-hour irradiation periods per day, palladium deuteride samples shined brightly upon exposure to air, and anomalous pits were found on the surface where new elements were detected by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Only palladium deuteride samples demonstrated light emission and showed stronger intensities of new elements as compared to samples of palladium hydride or those without laser irradiation. No anomalous results were found when experiments were performed in a helium environment.

Analysis of hydrogen absorption model and abnormal reaction in palladium hydride

Author(s): Takeshi Uchikoshi
Publication: Kyoto University Library Network
Year: 2020
More Information
Publication Type: Thesis
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Neutron Bursts, Excess Heat (power and/or energy), He4 Gas
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Laser Irradiation (CW), Laser Irradiation (pulsed)
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Uchikoshi presented his thesis research on laser-stimulated neutron bursts in deuterated palladium thin films. A one-hundred-nanometer coating of gold, gold nanoparticles, and a silicon dioxide thin film was deposited on one or both surfaces of the Palladium thin films and contacted with a biased electrode. Upon stimulation in a low-pressure deuterium environment by continuous wave red and green low-power lasers and by a pulsed high-power infrared laser, multiple neutron bursts above the background were detected. Furthermore, some such bursts were correlated to apparent excess heat events and partial pressure spikes in a gaseous species of atomic mass four, which might be helium four, a tell-tale sign of a fusion reaction. In addition, there was an observed increase in the partial pressure of a gaseous species of atomic mass three, which could be evidence of nuclear products such as tritium or helium three or a prosaic protium-deuterium molecule.

Transmutation of Elements in Saturated Palladium Hydrides by an XeCl Excimer Laser

Author(s): Vincenzo Nassisi
Publication: Fusion Technology
Year: 1998
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Light Emission
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, UV Laser irradiation (pulsed)
Material: Paladium wires
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: In the late 1990s, Nassisi irradiated palladium wires with a pulsed ultraviolet XeCl excimer laser in a stainless steel vacuum chamber with deuterium gas at 2.31 bar of pressure. Motivated by theoretical work, including a boson cluster model and a swimming electron model by Miley, Hora, and coworkers, Nassisi aimed to form a plasma layer of dissociated hydrogen gas on the surface of the palladium sample. After 30 days of one-hour irradiation periods per day, palladium deuteride samples shined brightly upon exposure to air, and anomalous pits were found on the surface where new elements were detected by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Only palladium deuteride samples demonstrated light emission and showed stronger intensities of new elements as compared to samples of palladium hydride or those without laser irradiation. No anomalous results were found when experiments were performed in a helium environment.

Modification of Pd–H2 and Pd–D2 Thin Films Processed by He–Ne Laser

Author(s): V. Nassisi, U. Mastromatteo
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2011
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal)
Stimulation: Laser Irradiation (CW), Gas Loaded
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2, D2
Summary:

Material transformations into Pd-H2 and Pd-D2 systems induced by laser irradiation

Author(s): Ubaldo Mastromatteo
Publication: ---
Year: 2017
More Information
Publication Type: Archive Paper (pre-publication)
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: Lenr/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal)
Stimulation: Laser Irradiation (CW), Gas Loaded
Material: Doped Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2, D2
Summary: Similar to previous work, Mastromatteo reports on palladium thin films, notably in this experiment with implanted boron dopants treated with low-power, continuous wave He-Ne lasers in both hydrogen and deuterium gas chambers. Samples left in air or treated with hydrogen gas but without laser irradiation were found to be pristine. In contrast, anomalous and purported transmuted element detection and morphological aberrations were reported in samples subject to deuterium gas with or without laser treatment and samples in hydrogen gas with laser treatment.

LENR Anomalies in Pd–H2 Systems Submitted to Laser Stimulation

Author(s): Ubaldo Mastromatteo
Publication: J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci.
Year: 2016
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Laser Irradiation (CW), Gas Loaded
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: H2, D2
Summary: In this paper, Ubaldo Mastromatteo follows up and reports on prior work at the University of Lecce that showed transmutations in palladium thin films on a silicon or silicon dioxide with a chromium adhesion layer in a pressurized hydrogen gas environment. Experiments were carried out at benign temperatures and modest pressures (1.5 bar), and samples were stimulated by continuous wave visible laser irradiation for a few weeks at a time. Mastromatteo reviews similar reports in the literature on various material systems and documents scanning electron microscope data showcasing morphological features (i.e. cavities) on the surface of palladium thin films not present in control samples. Moreover, energy dispersive X-ray spectra show different elemental distributions (e.g. zinc, aluminum, and calcium) for data taken within these morphological cavities compared to just outside them. Despite neutron and gamma detection, no nuclear radiation above the background was detected, except for a brief mention of "some neutron emission" in palladium deuteride systems.

Transmutations observed from pressure cycling palladium silver metals with deuterium gas

Author(s): Gustave C. Fralick, Robert C. Hendricks, Wayne D. Jennings, Theresa L. Benyo, Frederick W. VanKeuls, David L. Ellis, Bruce M. Steinetz, Lawrence P. Forsley, Carl E. Sandifer II
Publication: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Year: 2020
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal), Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Pressure Cycling, Temperature Cycling
Material: Pd alloy
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Fralick et al. report on new elements in deuterated palladium silver alloys along with apparent excess heat events upon pressure cycling treatment. In particular, metals such as zinc, manganese, titanium, and chromium were found at craters not present prior to the experiment, as recorded by SEM-EDX, ICP-AES, and TOF-SIMS. However, the TOF-SIMS data did not show deviation from natural isotopic abundance. Nevertheless, analysis of control samples found no such crater-like features nor elemental anomalies.

Nuclear transmutation in deutered PD films irradiated by an UV laser

Author(s): Castellano, M. Di Giulio, M. Dinescu, V. Nassisi, A. Conte, P.P. Pompa
Publication: Italian Physical Society
Year: 2000
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Laser Irradiation (pulsed), High Pressure
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: The University of Lecce authors irradiated palladium samples of varying thicknesses deposited on silicon wafers with a XeCl excimer ultraviolet laser at an elevated pressure of deuterium gas. After a few weeks of irradiation in a vacuum chamber, SEM-EDX analysis of the palladium samples found cracks, which purportedly contained transmuted elements. Several such elements are likely to be contaminated, but others are heavy elements that could be fission products of palladium nuclei.

Progress toward a theory for excess heat in metal deuterides

Author(s): Peter L. Hagelstein, IrfanU. Chaudhary, Michael C.H. McKubre, Francis Tanzella
Publication: AIP Conference Proceedings
Year: 2009
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Excess Heat (power and/or energy)
Stimulation: Electrolysis
Material: Palladium, Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O, D2
Summary: In this conference proceeding, Hagelstein et al. seek to develop theoretical models to explain the observed phenomena associated with cold fusion, including excess thermal power from metal hydrides without high energy radiation and, in some cases, correlated with He4 gas evolution where excess thermal energy translated to the canonical ~24 MeV per He4 atom. The proposed theoretical framework models deuteron pairs as excited two-level nuclear quantum systems, which coherently couple to shared oscillators in the form of highly excited phonon modes. These oscillators facilitate the transfer of nuclear energy quanta to the lattice via many low-energy oscillator quanta, manifesting in observed excess heat.

Anomalous Neutron Burst Emissions in Deuterium-Loaded Metals: Nuclear Reaction at Normal Temperature

Author(s): Jiang Song-Sheng, Xu Xiao-Ming, Zhu Li-Qun, Gu Shao-Gang, Ruan Xi-Chao, He Ming, Qi Bu-Jia
Publication: Chinese Phys. Lett.
Year: 2012
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Measurements in the Gran Sasso Laboratory: Evidence for nuclear effects in electrolysis with Pd/Ti and in different tests with deuterated high temperature superconductors

Author(s): F.Celani, A.Spallone, L.Liberatori, B.Stella, F.Ferrarotto, M.Corradi, P.Marini, S.Fortunati, M.Tului
Publication: AIP Conference Proceedings
Year: 1991
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell, Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Gamma Radiation, Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Gas Loaded, Cold Shock, High Pressure, Temperature Cycling
Material: Palladium, Titanium, High-Temperature Superconductor
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O, D2
Summary: Celani and colleagues reported on three experiments performed under low background radiation in the Underground Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy. The first experiment reported gamma-ray bursts from the electrolysis of palladium and titanium alloys in heavy water recorded by NaI detectors. The second experiment was on neutron signals recorded by two He3 detectors upon thermal cycling of high-temperature superconductors in a high-pressure deuterium gas environment using liquid nitrogen cooling. The last experimental type reported a two-standard deviation increase in the neutron signal from the second experiment via stimulation of the system by an Americium-Beryllium neutron source.

New Physical Effects In Metal Deuterides

Author(s): Peter L. Hagelstein, Michael C. H. McKubre, David J. Nagel, Talbot A. Chubb, Randall J. Hekman
Publication: Report to the Department of Energy
Year: 2006
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Publication Type: Government Report
Research Type: Review
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
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Summary: In 2004, the US Department of Energy (DOE) agreed to revisit the cold fusion phenomena in light of compiled research in the literature after the 1989 DOE report. As such, Hagelstein and colleagues prepared a report for the DOE on a subset of the results in the field. The experimental evidence for cold fusion presented in the report was principally categorized as measurements of excess heat, correlations of excess heat and helium production, and detection of nuclear particle emission. An effort was made to show correlations of excess heat with deuterium loading into palladium and electrolysis current density. A linear relationship was demonstrated for excess energy and elevated levels of helium gas, which was within one order of magnitude theoretical helium production from a D + D -> He4 + 23.8 MeV fusion reaction pathway. Reports of neutron bursts during electrolysis were correlated to low current density regimes, whereas excess heat was reported at high current densities. Furthermore, a variety of experiments showed evidence for charged particle emission, some of which had energy spectra inconsistent with DD fusion reactions.

Neutron Emissions from Metal Deuterides

Author(s): S. E. Jones, F. W. Keeney, A. C. Johnson, D. B. Buehler, F. E. Cecil, G. Hubler, P. L. Hagelstein, J. E. Ellsworth, M. R. Scott
Publication: Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion
Year: 2003
More Information
Publication Type: Conference Paper
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber, Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Heating, High Pressure
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2, D2O
Summary: Following up on previous research in the 1990s, Jones and coworkers report on neutron emission above background from gas-loaded titanium deuterides in non-equilibrium conditions. Experiments were performed in an underground laboratory at Provo Canyon to reduce background radiation. Three plastic scintillator panels surrounding the experimental setup further vetoed spurious cosmic ray background signal. A plastic scintillator a moderator surrounded the sample holder recording prompt signals and thermalizing any neutrons, which were then detected by sixteen He3 neutron counters arranged in an inner and outer ring around the experimental setup and were calibrated with a plutonium neutron source in place of the samples to determine the ratio of counts recorded in each ring. During a series of experiments, rates of neutron emission from titanium deuteride foils were recorded up to four times above a constant and low background rate with good reproducibility and an inner-to-outer ring ratio matching that of the plutonium test, solidifying the origin of neutron emission.

Neutron and Gamma-Ray Emission from Palladium Deuteride under Supercritical Conditions

Author(s): Jacob Jorne
Publication: Fusion Technology
Year: 1991
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Neutron Emissions (low-level above background), Gamma Radiation
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Cold Shock, Temperature Cycling, Pressure Cycling
Material: Palladium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Jorne reported neutron and gamma-ray emissions from deuterium-loaded palladium samples after being cooled in dry ice, repeated deuterium flushing at high pressures (which could potentially remove oxides layers), and elevated temperatures. Two calibrated liquid scintillator detectors, capable of neutron and gamma-ray discrimination, measured significant increases in neutron and gamma-ray counts above the background in high-temperature regimes, believed to be connected to the palladium deuteride critical point. Background runs were conducted before and after experimental runs, and no excess neutron or gamma-rays were detected in empty or hydrogen gas-filled cells.

Measurement of neutron emission from Ti and Pd in pressurized D2 gas and D2O electrolysis cells

Author(s): H.O. Menlove, M.M. Fowler, E. Garcia, M.C. Miller, M.A. Paciotti, R.R. Ryan, S.E. Jones
Publication: Journal of Fusion Energy
Year: 1990
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber, Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Neutron Bursts, Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Electrolysis, Cold Shock
Material: Titanium, Palladium, Zirconium, Vanadium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2, D2O
Summary: A collaboration between a Los Alamos National Laboratory team and Jones and colleagues detected low-level random neutron counts and time-correlated neutron bursts in deuterium gas-loaded titanium and palladium and alloyed samples in heavy water electrolysis experiments. Neutron detection was recorded in a rigorous system with four variations and a series of background and dummy runs, the latter being either empty cells filled with hydrogen gas or light water or heavy water without electrodes. Sub 100 micro-second neutron bursts were reported despite no bursts of comparable magnitude in dummy runs, background data, or parallel control counters. Neutron bursts in electrochemical cells were ~3σ above background, during which two detection systems ran in parallel and recorded no bursts or count rate fluctuations. Low-level random neutron emission above the background from titanium deuteride samples recorded in two detection systems was ~4.3σ above dummy runs. All four detection systems recorded neutron bursts, and two detection systems measured low-level random counts above the background. Anomalous neutron results were observed for 14 of the 42 experiment runs, by as much as two orders of magnitude above the largest observed cosmic background burst in 20 weeks of data collection.

First experimental results at the gran sasso laboratory on cold nuclear fusion in titanium electrodes

Author(s): A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, M. Capponi, S. De Castro, U. Marconi, C. Moroni, M. Piccinini, N. Semprini-Cesari, A. Trombini, A. Vitale, A. Zoccoli, J. B. Czirr, G. L. Jensen, S. E. Jones, E. P. Palmer
Publication: Journal of Fusion Energy
Year: 1990
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Current (constant)
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary: After the initial claims by Jones et al. of neutron production from metal deuterides, follow-up experiments were performed at the Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy, an underground facility with a 4,000-meter water equivalent of shielding from cosmic radiation background, which lends more credibility to observed neutron production. Furthermore, background measurements were taken before, after, and in parallel to all experiments in one of the two proton-recoil liquid scintillator neutron detectors, which was placed several meters away from the electrochemical cells. Both detectors were calibrated to detect neutrons and discriminate gamma-rays. In several one-hour experimental runs, only the detector close to the cells recorded above-background neutron counts, which returned to the background count rate when the cells were removed, and when the cells were brought close to the background detector further away from the setup, count rates increased significantly. Neutron count rates above the background were low relative to the background gamma flux, peaked at ~2.5 MeV, and were in agreement with the original paper by Jones et al.

Evidence of Emission of Neutrons from a Titanium-Deuterium System

Author(s): A. Deninno, A. Frattolillo, G. Lollobattista, L. Martinis, M. Marton, L. Mori, S. Podda, F. Scaramuzzi
Publication: Europhysics Letters
Year: 1989
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Neutron Bursts
Stimulation: Gas Loaded, Cold Shock, Temperature Cycling, Pressure Cycling
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Shortly after the intial cold fusion claims, De Ninno and colleagues designed an experiment to detect neutron emission with a BF3 detector to test if purported low-energy nuclear reactions could be achieved in a gaseous cell as opposed to an electrochemical cell and to test conclusions by Jones et al. that such reactions required metal deuteride samples to be in out-of-equilibrium conditions. Titanium samples in high-pressure deuterium gas cells were cooled to 77 kelvin by liquid nitrogen and allowed to warm up slowly over 60 hours with noted replenishments of liquid nitrogen. During this experiment, a series of neutron bursts were reported in ten-minute integrated time intervals and were 35 times above the background. A second experiment loaded titanium samples for a day before the liquid nitrogen treatment was applied, and neutron counts were observed to be 500 times above the background, following a gaussian-like temporal distribution. The authors point out that future experiments should have a superior temporal resolution.

Observation of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter

Author(s): S.E. Jones et al.
Publication: Nature
Year: 1989
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Electrolytic Cell
Observables: Neutron Emissions (low-level above background)
Stimulation: Electrolysis, Current (constant)
Material: Palladium, Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2O
Summary: Motivated by observations of excess He-3 flux from volcanic and other geothermal sources, and by anomolous reports of helium in metal foils, Jones at al. pursued cold nuclear fusion experiments in heavy water electrolysis using titanium and palladium cathodes. Electrolysis cell were placed on top of an integrated liquid scintilator and Li-6 glass scintillator. The former acts as botha detector and a moderator for the latter, which stopped neutrons, enabling discrimination of counts not coincident within 20μs of one another. When neutron counts were compared to scaled with control data, using light water of heavy water without a current, an axcess in counts were found near 2.5 MeV, which aligns with canoncial deuteron-deuteron fusion neutrons. Scaling in the local energy region of interest resulted in neutron counts 5σ above background.

Laser-Induced Cold Nuclear Fusion in Ti-H2-D2-T2 Compositions

Author(s): Igor L. Beltyukov et al.
Publication: Fusion Technology
Year: 1991
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Neutron Bursts, Gamma Radiation
Stimulation: Laser Irradiation (pulsed), Gas Loaded, Induced Phase Transitions, Pressure Cycling, Temperature Cycling
Material: Titanium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: In the early 1990s, Beltyukov et al. reported on neutron and gamma-ray emissions above background from titanium deuteride rod (an apparent typo lists TiH1.97) samples stimulated by a pulsed laser and in a separate style of experiment, via induced phase transitions. The former experiment, where an infrared pulsed Nd-YAG laser (~1 J, ~1 μs, 50 Hz) irradiated the titanium sample in the α-phase, demonstrated a correlation between the on/off laser cycles and neutron and gamma bursts. In the latter style of the experiment, the TiD sample was driven to out-of-equilibrium conditions by inducing periodic phase transitions from the γ-phase to the β-phase through the mixed β+γ intermediary phase via three different treatments: 1) laser irradiation (33 Hz, 4mm diameter) 2) sample heater 3) deuterium gas pressure cycling under constant sample temperature. Dozens of instances of neutron bursts 2-3 orders of magnitude above background are reported with 75 percent of counts occuring at the γ-phase or β-phase boundaries, despite the samples only being in such phase boundary regimes for 15 percent of experimental time. Proportional He3 neutron counters—with reported 60 percent thermal neutron detection efficiency, calibrated by Cf252, and with ~0.1 n/s background count rate—and two lead-shielded NaI:Tl gamma-ray detectors—calibrated with Co60 and a reported background count rate of ~3 γ/s—were used to perform experiments and control runs.
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Enhanced D-D Fusion Rates when the Coulomb Barrier Is Lowered by Electrons

Author(s): Alfred Y. Wong, Alexander Gunn, Allan X. Chena, Chun-Ching Shih, Mason J. Guffey
Publication: arXiv
Year: 2021
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Approach to Nuclear Fusion:
Utilizing Dynamics of High-Density Electrons and Neutrals

Author(s): Alfred Y. Wong, Chun-Ching Shih
Publication: arXiv
Year: 2019
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Ponderomotive Screening of Nuclear Fusion Reactions Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance

Author(s): Mason J. Guffey, Alfred Y. Wong
Publication: arXiv
Year: 2020
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Earth factories: Creation of the elements from nuclear transmutation in Earth’s lower mantle

Author(s): Mikio Fukuhara, Alexander Yoshino, Nobuhisa Fujima
Publication: AIP Advances
Year: 2021
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Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: Geothermal Fusion
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Summary: Fukuhara and colleagues expand on a 2016 article proposing a terrestrial nuclear fusion process in Earth's core with a mechanism for endothermic terrestrial nucleosynthesis of 25 lighter-than-iron elements. Conventionally, nucleosynthesis is thought to be primarily a steller phenomenon. Differences in atomic composition in Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars and recent reports of atmospheric mass loss to space requiring a replenishing terrestrial gaseous supply prompted the authors to postulate a series of terrestrial nuclear transmutation reactions.

Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals

Author(s): Vladimir Pines, Marianna Pines, Arnon Chait, Bruce M. Steinetz, Lawrence P. Forsley, Robert C. Hendricks, Gustave C. Fralick, Theresa L. Benyo, Bayarbadrakh Baramsai, Philip B. Ugorowski, Michael D. Becks, Richard E. Martin, Nicholas Penney, Carl E. Sandifer
Publication: Phys. Rev. C
Year: 2020
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: Lattice Confined Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal)
Stimulation: Bremsstrahlung Radiation
Material: Palladium, Erbium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
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Known mechanisms that increase nuclear fusion rates in the solid state

Author(s): Florian Metzler, Camden Hunt, Nicola Galvanetto
Publication: arXiv
Year: 2022
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Publication Type: Archive Paper (pre-publication)
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: LENR/Cold Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: N/A
Observables: N/A
Stimulation: N/A
Material: N/A
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: N/A
Summary: The authors of this paper synthesize known and posited processes from the fields of atomic, nuclear, and quantum physics and calculate the theoretical fusion rate of various combinations of these phenomena to elucidate pathways to observable fusion rates in the solid-state. First, the authors frame isotopic hydrogen fusion in metal lattices with an atomic perspective, where fusion is a quantum tunneling event through the electrostatic coulomb repulsion between positively charged hydrogen nucleons. The paper details the increased fusion rate by electron screening of the so-called coulomb barrier from varying lattice hydrogen nuclei occupancy and out-of-equilibrium fluctuations in electron density. Next, the authors introduce the nuclear physics perspective, which includes nucleon-nucleon interactions. They consider the possibility of a low-center-of-mass energy intranuclear resonance in DD fusion, as proposed by Czerski et al., 2020. Last but likely the most important contribution of the paper, the authors reframe fusion in the solid-state as a state transition (i.e. excited to ground) in a two-level quantum system. In particular, the authors consider two quantum phenomena, non-radiative energy transfer and superradiance, together referred to as supertransfer, whereby pairs of hydrogen nuclei in lattice monovacancies could non-radiatively couple (i.e. couple by fields such as excited phonon modes and electromagnetic fields from metal ion vibrations) forming a collective quantum state. If such a quantum coherent domain included a sufficient number (N) of coupled nuclei, the state could experience a transition to a superradiant phase, accelerating the fusion rate proportional to N. Importantly, decay (fusion) of excited DD states to He4 is offset by the inverse excitation of He4 back into a DD pair, resulting in an effectively closed system. However, if the fusion state transition energy is resonant with a nuclear-excited state of metal lattice or impurity nuclei, the latter can incoherently absorb the fusion energy and disintegrate (i.e. induced fission or particle emission), resulting in an open system where a variety of nuclear products can be detected.

Deuteron-deuteron reaction cross sections at very low energies

Author(s): Conrad Czerski, K. Czerskia, N. Targosz-Ślęczka, M. Kaczmarski
Publication: Acta Physica Polonica B
Year: 2020
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Theoretical
Solid State Fusion Type: Solid-State Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: N/A
Stimulation: N/A
Material: Zirconium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary: Czerski and co-authors investigate fusion cross-section enhancements via electron screening of the coulomb barrier at low energies. Previous experimental efforts found a three-fold higher electron screening effect than theoretical expectations. The authors propose an emergent low-energy deuteron-deuteron fusion resonance and fit this model to experimental data. Such a mechanism could elucidate the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical fusion cross-sections at low energies corresponding to near-room temperature.

Experiments to investigate phonon-nuclear interactions

Author(s): Florian Metzler
Publication: MIT Libraries
Year: 2019
More Information
Publication Type: Thesis
Research Type: Adjacent & Relevant Experimental Literature
Solid State Fusion Type: Other
Reactor Set-Up: Other
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Stimulation: Mechanical stress, Ultrasound transducer
Material: Fe-57
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Summary: Metzler pursued experiments with samples containing ground state Fe-57 nuclei and some excited state Fe-57 nuclei (populated by decaying Co-57 nuclei) to investigate theoretical work by Hagelstein and Chaudhary on phonon-nuclear interactions. In the absence of treatment applied to the sample, such Fe-57 nuclei, which were deposited on a steel plate, showed expected radioactive emission. However, radioactive emissions deviated from expected values for samples with mechanical stress applied to the steel plate. In particular, Fe-57 14.4 KeV gamma-ray and K-alpha emissions were increased over control experiments by 19 and 17 percent at the site of a fixed X-ray spectrometer. Such changes in detected emission intensities have been attributed to the phonon-mediated transfer of nuclear excitation energy away from sites of excited Fe-57 nuclei to sites of ground state Fe-57 nuclei (which then subsequently decay and emit photons). Such proposed nuclear excitation transfer would provide a generic explanation for a wide range of reported LENR effects. Unaltered X-ray fluorescence from the steel and detection of local Fe-57 emissions changes in multiple experimental setups and using several different detectors bolsters confidence in the observed results.

Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals

Author(s): Bruce M. Steinetz, Theresa L. Benyo, Arnon Chait, Robert C. Hendricks, Lawrence P. Forsley, Bayarbadrakh Baramsai, Philip B. Ugorowski, Michael D. Becks, Vladimir Pines, Marianna Pines, Richard E. Martin, Nicholas Penney, Gustave C. Fralick, Carl E. Sandifer
Publication: Phys. Rev. C
Year: 2020
More Information
Publication Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article
Research Type: Experimental
Solid State Fusion Type: Lattice Confined Fusion
Reactor Set-Up: Vacuum Chamber
Observables: Transmuted Elements (low-Z relative to metal)
Stimulation: Bremsstrahlung Radiation
Material: Palladium, Erbium
Isotopic Hydrogen Reactants: D2
Summary:

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